Unit 4 Part 2

Question 1

Where do capillaries receive their blood from?

Answer 1

Arterioles, the smallest of arteries

Question 2

What does an arteriole branch into w/in body tissue?

Answer 2

A capillary bed

Question 3

Where will a single capillary bed drain its blood into?

Answer 3

Venule, the smallest vein

Question 4

Why do blood cells line up in a single file when they enter a capillary bed?

Answer 4

B/c lumen (inside diameter) of each capillary is large enough to accommodate one cell at a time

Question 5

What is a capillary composed of?

Answer 5

It is a small tube consisting of a single-cell thickness of inner and outer tissue

Question 6

What is highly vascular tissue?

Answer 6

Metabolically active tissues enriched w/ capillary beds

Question 7

Fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 7

Capillary beds that are designed to be even more permeable to substances than a regular capillary

Question 8

What are fenestrations?

Answer 8

Small slits/ openings that allow significantly large molecules to exit/ enter the blood and allow increased movement of all molecules

Question 9

Examples of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 9

1. Multiple small capillaries of the kidneys
2. Areas of intestine where movement of molecules must be rapid

Question 10

Adaptations of capillaries?

Answer 10

1. Small inside diameter (lumen) = large surface area
2. Thin wall = 1 cell thick, allows rapid exchange of materials by diffusion
3. Permeable
4. Fenestrations in some

Question 11

What are capillaries?

Answer 11

small blood vessels which connect arteries to veins

Question 12

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 12

to exchange materials between the blood and cells

Question 13

What do arteries do?

Answer 13

Receives blood from the heart and takes that blood to a capillary bed

Question 14

What do veins do?

Answer 14

Receives blood from a capillary bed and takes that blood back to the heart

Question 15

Why are arteries lined with a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres?

Answer 15

B/c blood the recieve from heart is under high pressure

Question 16

What are arteries lined with?

Answer 16

a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Question 17

Adaptations of arteries?

Answer 17

1. Thick wall
2. Proteins collagen + elastic in walls
3. Smooth muscle
4. Narrow lumen

Question 18

What are the smooth muscles controlled by?

Answer 18

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 19

What does the Autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 19

Controls those functions in your body that are necessary but not controlled

Question 20

What do the thick walls of arteries do?

Answer 20

Allows arteries to withstand high blood pressure

Question 21

What do the proteins collagen and elastin do?

Answer 21

Allow arteries to keep blood moving and withstand the high pressure
- When blood is pumped into the artery they will stretch to allow blood vessels to accommodate high blood pressure

Question 22

Where can you measure your pulse rate?

Answer 22

1. The carotid artery = Side of trachea in neck
2. The radial artery = On wrist, pulse should be felt 2cm upwards from thumb base

Question 23

Adaptations of veins?

Answer 23

1. Thin walls
2. Large lumen

Question 24

What do thin walls in veins do?

Answer 24

Allows veins to be compressed by skeletal muscles
- compression moves blood back to the heart

Question 25

What does a large lumen in veins do?

Answer 25

Allows veins to carry a large volume of blood

Question 26

What are coronary arteries?

Answer 26

Arteries that supply blood to cardiac muscle

Question 27

What is plaque in the lumen of arteries?

Answer 27

A build up of cholesterol and other substances in lumen

Question 28

What is an occlusion?

Answer 28

The restriction in blood flow caused by a plaque

Question 29

What is transpiration?

Answer 29

evaporation of water in leaves through open stomata

Question 30

Where is water in plants located?

Answer 30

In the air spaces of the spongy metophyll layer

Question 31

Cohesion tension theory?

Answer 31

When water is drawn out of the xylem,moving through cell walls, by capillary action, to replace water lost by mesophyll cells - The loss of water in the xylem creates a negative pressure in the leaf.

Question 32

How are xylem tubes formed?

Answer 32

when cells are stacked on top of each other creating cell walls, plasma membrane, organelles. Once dead, hollow cells have no end cell walls - forming a long hollow tube through them

Question 33

What is lignin?

Answer 33

Provides resistance to collapse of tubes b/c of tension created by transpiration

Question 34

What is the function of an epidermis in a plant stem and root?

Answer 34

Stem: Prevents water loss + provides protection from microorganism Root: Grows root hair that increase the surface area for water uptake

Question 35

What is the function of a cortex in a plant stem and root?

Answer 35

Stem and root: An unspecialized cell layer that sometimes stores food reserves

Question 36

What is the function of a xylem in a plant stem and root?

Answer 36

Stem: Transport tubes that bring water up from the roots Root: Transport tubes for water and minerals starting in roots

Question 37

What is the function of a phloem in a plant stem and root?

Answer 37

Stem: Transports carbohydrates usually from leaves to other parts of the plant Root: Transport tubes that receive sugars from leaves

Question 38

What is the function of a vascular bundle in a plant stem and root?

Answer 38

Stem: Contains multiple vessels of both xylem and phloem Root: Area in centre of root containing xylem and phloem

Question 39

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 39

The fluid that surrounds cells, allowing the exchange of materials between the blood and cells

Question 40

What is pressure filtration?

Answer 40

The release of tissue fluid

Question 41

What is a venule?

Answer 41

The smallest of all veins

Question 42

Why is the pressure of on the side of the venule low?

Answer 42

B/c it is further away from direct pulse of the heart

Question 43

What does release of tissue fluid include?

Answer 43

1. Blood leaves an artery (arteriole) at high pressure, and enters a capillary. 2. The high hydrostatic pressure of the blood filters blood plasma through gaps in the capillaries, forming tissue fluid

Question 44

What molecules diffuse through facilitated diffusion?

Answer 44

Molecules that have natural concentration gradient like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose

Question 45

What are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 45

Small tubes that some tissue fluid enter

Question 46

What are lymph?

Answer 46

Fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries

Question 47

Pulmonary circulation (right side)?

Answer 47

The side of the heart that is used to pump the blood to capillaries in the lungs for reoxygenation

Question 48

Systemic circulation (left side)?

Answer 48

The side of the heart that pumps returned blood out to capillaries in body tissues to supply oxygen to where its needed

Question 49

What do arterioles do?

Answer 49

Very small blood vessels that carry blood from arteries to tissues and organs

Question 50

Adaptations of the heart?

Answer 50

1. Cardiac muscle 2. A pacemaker 3. Atria 4. Ventricles 5. Atrioventricular valves 6. Semilunar valves 7. Septum 8. Coronary vessels

Question 51

Cardiac muscle in heart?

Answer 51

Allows heart to contract to create high pressure - Cardiac muscle for the left ventricle is much thicker than the right - Left ventricle requires high pressure to move blood around the body

Question 52

A pacemaker/ Sinoatrial node?

Answer 52

Initiates and controls the rate of heart beat.

Question 53

Atria?

Answer 53

receive blood from the body and lungs

Question 54

Ventricles?

Answer 54

Thick muscular chambers that pump blood out under pressure to lungs and body tissue

Question 55

Atrioventricular valves?

Answer 55

Located between atria and ventricles that close each heart cycle to prevent backflow of blood into atria

Question 56

Semilunar valves?

Answer 56

Valves that close after the surge of blood into pulmonary artery or aorta to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

Question 57

Septum?

Answer 57

Wall of muscular and fibrous tissue that separates the right side of heart from left

Question 58

Coronary vessels?

Answer 58

Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle