Unit 2 part 4 Flashcards

Cell structure

1
Q

Cell structures that are not considered organelles

A
  • Cell wall -> an extracellular structure
  • Cytoplasm -> gel like fluid spread throughout the cell, does not have compartmentalized structure
  • cytoskeleton -> Found throughout cell, does not have a compartmentalized structure
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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds and encloses cell
- Controls what enters and exits the cell
- Conisdered an organelle (by IB) tho is not a subcellular structure

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3
Q

Cell fractionation

A

A process that separates cell organelles while preserving functions
- Preparing cells for ultracentrifugation

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4
Q

Steps for cell fractioning

A
  1. Homogenization
    - Tissue that cells are broken up in a blender. Cells are blended in cold, buffered, solution that is isotone to cytoplasm of cells
  2. Blended solution then filtered to remove large cell debris
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5
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

Uses fast centrifuge to separate cell organelles according to density

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6
Q

Steps for ultracentrifugation

A
  1. Filtered solution that has the cell organelles is spun at low speed by an ultracentrifuge
  2. The densest organelle, the nucleus, forms a pellet at bottom of centrifuge tube
  3. Pellet is removed, process is then repeated at faster speed resulting in a series of pellets containing one type of organelles each time
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7
Q

What is stored in the nucleus?

A

Eukaryote’s chromosomes are stored in nucleus. Their genetic info is stored in form of DNA for growth and develeopment

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8
Q

How are chromosomes transcribed

A

Chromosome genes are transcriped into mRNA w/in nucleus
- mRNA leaves nucleus to be translated into polypeptides by ribosomes

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9
Q

How is DNA protected?

A

DNA is protected in the nucleus from potentially harmful reactions in cytoplasm

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10
Q

Transcription of DNA

A

Process of transcription of DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus and DNA is modified before entering cytoplasm

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10
Q

Translation and transcription in prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus meaning there is no separation of the process of transcription and translation

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11
Q

outer membrane (mitochondria)

A

channels for pyruvate to enter Mitochondrion, b/c it contains protein channels and is not permeable to protons, allowing concentration of protons to build up in intermembrane

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelle which contain digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Inner membrane

A

Contains proteins of electron transport chain and ATP syntheses
- Has proton channels and ATP synthase, the protons give energy for ATP synthesis to go from ADP -> P -> ATP

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11
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes?

A

Digestion of macromolecules w/in cell

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11
Q

What are digestive enzymes w/in a lysosome capable of doing?

A

Digesting other cell components and are kept separate from cytoplasm and other cell structures by membrane surrounding lysosomes

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11
Q

What happens when a cell is damaged?

A

Enzymes are released from lysosomes resulting in digestion of cell

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11
Q

How is a phagosome formed?

A

Lysosomes fuse w/ the phagocytic vacuole and the lysosome’s enzymes digest the bacterium

11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration and are recognizable on electron micrographs by its folded inner membrane forming cirstae

11
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process by which solid materials like bacteria are taken into a cell by endocytosis

11
Q

Adaptations of mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • inter membrane
  • cristae
  • chromosomes
12
Q

Inter membrane (mitochondria)

A

Small space allowing rapid accumulation of protons

12
Q

Cristae (mitochondria)

A

Many folds in inner membrane and increases surface area

12
Q

Chromsomes (mitochondria)

A

Singular circular chromosome that contains genetic info to make all proteins
- Synthesizes proteins required for aerobic respiration

12
Matrix (mitochondria)
Has DNA ribosomes and all enzymes involved in link reaction and Krebs cycle
13
Chloroplast
Organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plants + algae
14
Photosynthesis
Production of organic compounds and absorbs light energy with water and carbon di
15
Adaptations of chloroplasts
- Thylakoid membrane - Thylakoid space - Stroma - Chromosome - Enzymes
16
Thylakoid membrane
Contains chlorophyll for absorption of light, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis - Folded nature of thylakoid membrane increases surface area for absorption of light
17
Thylakoid space
Small space w/in Thylakoid spaces (lumen) that allow for rapid build up for protons
18
Stroma
Contains a chromosome, 70s ribosomes and all enzymes required for Calvin cycle
19
Enzymes
All enzymes needed for Calvin cycle found in stroma chloroplast
20
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus has double membrane w/pores - Membrane separates production of mRNA in nucleus from cytoplasm - mRNA is too large to pass through nuclear membrane and enters cytoplasm through nuclear pores
21
Ribsomes
Synthesizes polypeptides (proteins) by translating mRNA
22
What are ribosomes composed of
- Large ribosomal subunit - Small ribosomal subunit - Both subunits composed of protein and mRNA
23
Ribosomes and Rough ER
Ribs can be floating around in cytoplasm or attached to rough er - Freeloaders synthesize proteins to be used in cells - Attached synthesized proteins to be transported out of cell or for production of lysosome enzyme
24
membrane of rough er
An extension of nuclear membrane + covered in ribosomes - proteins made by ribosomes are attached to rough er enter the lumen - proteins are packaged into vesicles that are transported to the golgi apparatus
25
Golgi apparatus
Located in between rough er and plasma membrane and is composed of flattened sacks
26
cisternae
Flattened sacks in golgi apparatus
27
What happens to vesicles that have protein from rough er?
They move and fuse w/ golgi apparatus - Then are modified and packaged into secretory vesicles - Secretory vesicles move towards plasma membrane and secrete protein by exocytosis
28
Vesicles
Composed of phospholipid Bilayer and transports material around cell
29
What is sometimes involved in forming some vesicles that transport a specific molecule?
A protein called clathrine
30
Clathrine
Triskelion shaped protein that is attached to recruiter proteins in a membrane which forms vesicles
31
What does a clathrine do?
Polymerizes to form a clathrine cage, forcing membrane to form a rounded bud - Bud is then cleaved off to form a clathrine coated vesicle - then clathrine cage is removed