Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Unit 2 part 4 > Flashcards

Unit 2 part 4 Flashcards

Cell structure

1
Q

Cell structures that are not considered organelles

A
  • Cell wall -> an extracellular structure
  • Cytoplasm -> gel like fluid spread throughout the cell, does not have compartmentalized structure
  • cytoskeleton -> Found throughout cell, does not have a compartmentalized structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds and encloses cell
- Controls what enters and exits the cell
- Conisdered an organelle (by IB) tho is not a subcellular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell fractionation

A

A process that separates cell organelles while preserving functions
- Preparing cells for ultracentrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Steps for cell fractioning

A
  1. Homogenization
    - Tissue that cells are broken up in a blender. Cells are blended in cold, buffered, solution that is isotone to cytoplasm of cells
  2. Blended solution then filtered to remove large cell debris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

Uses fast centrifuge to separate cell organelles according to density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steps for ultracentrifugation

A
  1. Filtered solution that has the cell organelles is spun at low speed by an ultracentrifuge
  2. The densest organelle, the nucleus, forms a pellet at bottom of centrifuge tube
  3. Pellet is removed, process is then repeated at faster speed resulting in a series of pellets containing one type of organelles each time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is stored in the nucleus?

A

Eukaryote’s chromosomes are stored in nucleus. Their genetic info is stored in form of DNA for growth and develeopment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are chromosomes transcribed

A

Chromosome genes are transcriped into mRNA w/in nucleus
- mRNA leaves nucleus to be translated into polypeptides by ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is DNA protected?

A

DNA is protected in the nucleus from potentially harmful reactions in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transcription of DNA

A

Process of transcription of DNA to mRNA occurs in the nucleus and DNA is modified before entering cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Translation and transcription in prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus meaning there is no separation of the process of transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

outer membrane (mitochondria)

A

channels for pyruvate to enter Mitochondrion, b/c it contains protein channels and is not permeable to protons, allowing concentration of protons to build up in intermembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelle which contain digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inner membrane

A

Contains proteins of electron transport chain and ATP syntheses
- Has proton channels and ATP synthase, the protons give energy for ATP synthesis to go from ADP -> P -> ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes?

A

Digestion of macromolecules w/in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are digestive enzymes w/in a lysosome capable of doing?

A

Digesting other cell components and are kept separate from cytoplasm and other cell structures by membrane surrounding lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when a cell is damaged?

A

Enzymes are released from lysosomes resulting in digestion of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is a phagosome formed?

A

Lysosomes fuse w/ the phagocytic vacuole and the lysosome’s enzymes digest the bacterium

11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration and are recognizable on electron micrographs by its folded inner membrane forming cirstae

11
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process by which solid materials like bacteria are taken into a cell by endocytosis

11
Q

Adaptations of mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • inter membrane
  • cristae
  • chromosomes
12
Q

Inter membrane (mitochondria)

A

Small space allowing rapid accumulation of protons

12
Q

Cristae (mitochondria)

A

Many folds in inner membrane and increases surface area

12
Q

Chromsomes (mitochondria)

A

Singular circular chromosome that contains genetic info to make all proteins
- Synthesizes proteins required for aerobic respiration

12
Q

Matrix (mitochondria)

A

Has DNA ribosomes and all enzymes involved in link reaction and Krebs cycle

13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plants + algae

14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Production of organic compounds and absorbs light energy with water and carbon di

15
Q

Adaptations of chloroplasts

A
  • Thylakoid membrane
  • Thylakoid space
  • Stroma
  • Chromosome
  • Enzymes
16
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Contains chlorophyll for absorption of light, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis
- Folded nature of thylakoid membrane increases surface area for absorption of light

17
Q

Thylakoid space

A

Small space w/in Thylakoid spaces (lumen) that allow for rapid build up for protons

18
Q

Stroma

A

Contains a chromosome, 70s ribosomes and all enzymes required for Calvin cycle

19
Q

Enzymes

A

All enzymes needed for Calvin cycle found in stroma chloroplast

20
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Nucleus has double membrane w/pores
- Membrane separates production of mRNA in nucleus from cytoplasm
- mRNA is too large to pass through nuclear membrane and enters cytoplasm through nuclear pores

21
Q

Ribsomes

A

Synthesizes polypeptides (proteins) by translating mRNA

22
Q

What are ribosomes composed of

A
  • Large ribosomal subunit
  • Small ribosomal subunit
  • Both subunits composed of protein and mRNA
23
Q

Ribosomes and Rough ER

A

Ribs can be floating around in cytoplasm or attached to rough er
- Freeloaders synthesize proteins to be used in cells
- Attached synthesized proteins to be transported out of cell or for production of lysosome enzyme

24
Q

membrane of rough er

A

An extension of nuclear membrane + covered in ribosomes
- proteins made by ribosomes are attached to rough er enter the lumen
- proteins are packaged into vesicles that are transported to the golgi apparatus

25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Located in between rough er and plasma membrane and is composed of flattened sacks

26
Q

cisternae

A

Flattened sacks in golgi apparatus

27
Q

What happens to vesicles that have protein from rough er?

A

They move and fuse w/ golgi apparatus
- Then are modified and packaged into secretory vesicles
- Secretory vesicles move towards plasma membrane and secrete protein by exocytosis

28
Q

Vesicles

A

Composed of phospholipid Bilayer and transports material around cell

29
Q

What is sometimes involved in forming some vesicles that transport a specific molecule?

A

A protein called clathrine

30
Q

Clathrine

A

Triskelion shaped protein that is attached to recruiter proteins in a membrane which forms vesicles

31
Q

What does a clathrine do?

A

Polymerizes to form a clathrine cage, forcing membrane to form a rounded bud
- Bud is then cleaved off to form a clathrine coated vesicle
- then clathrine cage is removed

Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions