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Biology > Unit 2 part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 part 2 Flashcards

Cell Types

1
Q

Cytology?

A

Branch of bio that studies all facets of the cell

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2
Q

Magnification?

A

The increase in an objects image size compared to its actual size

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3
Q

Resolution?

A

Minimal distance between two objects at which they can still be distinguished as two

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4
Q

Magnification + actual length formula

A

Magnification = Measured Length/ Actual Length

Actual Length = Measured Length/ Magnification

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5
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Uses light passing through living or dead spicemen to form an image

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6
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Use electrons passing through spicemen to form an image

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7
Q

Qualities of light microscopes

A
  • inexpensive to purchase and operate
  • Simple and easy spicemen preparation
  • Magnifies up to 2000x
  • Spicemens may be living or dead
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8
Q

Qualities of electron microscopes

A
  • Expensive to purchase and operate
  • Complex and lengthy spicemen preparation
  • Magnifies up to 500,000x
  • Spicemen are dead, and must be fixed in a plastic material
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9
Q

Field of vision/ view

A

Total area visible when looking through a microscopes eye or ocular

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10
Q

How can a diameter be calculated?

A

Using special micrometers

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11
Q

Qualitative data?

A
  • Non-numerical but descriptive data
    ex. colours, presence of structure/ feature, sex, etc
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12
Q

Quantitative data?

A

Numerical values collected by a specific type of instrument
ex. mass by lab balance, length by ruler, etc

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13
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

A
  • Scanning electron microscope 9=(SEM)
  • Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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14
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • Uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a spicemen
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15
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

A
  • Aims a beam of electrons through a very thin section of a spicemen that allows its inner structure to be viewed
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16
Q

What are the techniques employed when working with electron microscopes (EM)?

A
  • Freeze fracture
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy
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17
Q

Freeze fracture?

A

Process of preparing for observation with an EM
- Involves the rapid freezing of a biological spicemen followed by physically breaking it apart

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18
Q

Cryogenic electron microscopy?

A

Uses computer enhancement that shows 3D framework of protein involved in function of cell
- Utilizes low temps to freeze Spicemens in ice

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19
Q

Preparation techniques for using light microscope

A
  • Fluorescent stains
  • Immunofluorescence
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20
Q

Fluorescent stains

A

Substances/ dyes that combine with specific cellular components allowing scientist to study location, distribution, and quantity of specific biomolecules
- When fluorescence occurs assorted colours are produced

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21
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

Involves antibodies that have dyes already combined w/ them
- Allows the target, usually a protein, to be detected
- Often used to detect viral proteins that have infected cells

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22
Q

Condenser?

A
  • Located between stage + light source and possesses a lens that directs light rays from light source to spicemen
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23
Q

3 types of light microscopes?

A
  • Brightfield
  • Darkfield
  • Phase-contrast
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24
Q

Brightfield LM?

A

Most common and easy to use light microscope
- Visible light is used
- Spicemen is viewed against a light background

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25
Q

Darkfield LM?

A

Spicemen appears light against a dark background
- Special opaque lens is used in the condenser that blocks direct light from entering spicemen

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26
Q

Phase-Contrast

A

Special condenser with a circular diaphragm
- Modified objective lenses are used to reveal detailed images of spicemen w/out staining

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27
Q

All cells posses what common structures?

A

DNA
- As genetic material
Cytoplasm
- composed mainly of water
Plasma membrane
- Composed of lipids that surrounds the cytoplasm

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28
Q

Matrix?

A
  • An unstructured semi-fluid region w/in a boundary
29
Q

Cytosol?

A
  • A matrix composed mainly of water and fills up the boundary of a cell
30
Q

2 Types of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria
- Member of domain eubacteria
Archae
- Member of domain archae

31
Q

Pathogenic?

A

Disease causing

Prokaryotes are not usually pathogenic

32
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Have simple cell structure w/out compartmentalization

33
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell consist of?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleoid region
  • Cell wall
  • Pili
  • Flagellum
34
Q

Ribsomes (prokaryotes + eukaryotes)

A

Double layer of phospholipids that separate the interior of cell from outside environment
- Used in protein synthesis
- Controls what enters + exits cell Prokaryotes = 70s, Eukaryotes = 80s

35
Q

Plasma membrane (prokaryotes)

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

36
Q

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes + eukaryotes)

A

Cite of chemical reactions w/in the cell (metabolism)

37
Q

Nucleiod region (prokaryotes)

A

irregularly shaped region that contains DNA
- Usually in the form of circular double strand

38
Q

Cell wall (prokaryote)

A

Provides structural support and prevents cells from bursting
- Made of peptidoglycan

39
Q

Pili (prokaryotes)

A

For adhesion and to transfer genetic material between bacteria (sexual reproduction)
- Bacillus bacteria = pili
- Staphylococcus = no pili

40
Q

Binary Fission

A

A process that divides prokaryotic cells
- Dna is copied = 2 daughter chromosomes
- Daughter chromos to different regions on plasma membrane
- Cell then divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

41
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have chromosomes located in nucleus and a variety of of membrane bound organelles
- Animals, plants, and fungi = eukaryotic

42
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell consist of?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Chromosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
  • Rough + Smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Cytoskeleton
43
Q

Nucleus (eukaryotes)

A

Has chromosomes associated w/ histones protein in nucleus
- Has double membrane w/ pores that allow mRNA to enter cytoplasm

44
Q

Chromosomes (eukaryotes + prokaryote)

A

Composed of DNA wrapped around histone protein
- Dna is genetic material for growth and development of cell
Prokaryote = 1, loop of DNA
Eukaryote = Many, linear

45
Q

Mitochondria (eukaryote)

A

Aerobic respiration producing ATP
- Has inner folded membranes known as cristae

46
Q

Vacuoles (eukaryote)

A

Plants = large for storing nutrients
Animals = small and involved in removal of waste

47
Q

Lysosomes (eukaryotes)

A

Specialized enzymes containing enzymes involved in digestion of large molecules
- Not usually found in plants

48
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryote)

A

Membrane structure that’s the site for protein synthesis and is involved w/transporting proteins to golgi apparatus
- ribosomes attached

49
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryote)

A

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
- Doesn’t have ribosomes attached

50
Q

Golgi apparatus ( eukaryote)

A

Modifies and packages proteins to be exported from the cell

51
Q

Cytoskeleton (eukaryotic + prokaryotic)

A

Composed of protein microtubules, involved in maintaining cell shape, moving organelles, and nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis)

52
Q

What are the functions of life all cells must carry out, multicellular or unicellular?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Response to stimuli
  • homeostasis
  • Nutrition
  • Excretion
  • Movement
53
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal conditions w/in a narrow range

54
Q

Response to stimuli

A

Ability of organisms to respond to internal or external stimuli

55
Q

Cell wall (eukaryote)

A

Animal = yes
Pldant = cellulose
Fungi = chitin

56
Q

vaculosed (eukaryote comparison)

A

Fungi = small or large depending on species
Plant = Large central vacuole involved in storing nutrients + waste and helps maintain turgor pressure

57
Q

Centrosome (eukaryotes)

A

Animal = yes + involved in mitosis
Fungi = no
Plant = no

58
Q

Plastids (eukaryotes)

A

Only in plants cells

59
Q

Chloroplast (eukaryotes)

A

Carries out photosynthesis
- Only found in plants and algae

60
Q

Eukaryotic cells that don’t have a nucleus

A
  • Skeletal muscle cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Phloem sieve tube elements
61
Q

Endoplasmic theory

A

Suggests that a large cell engulfed a small aerobic prokaryotic cell
- Evidence suggests all eukaryotes evolved from a common unicellular ancestor that had a nucleus and reproduced sexually

62
Q

Host cell?

A

Provides protection received ATP energy from aerobic cell

63
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplast + mitochondria are a similar size to modern prokaryotes and share many characteristics which support the theory (70s ribosomes, binary fission)

64
Q

Ocular micrometer

A

AKA graticle located in eyepiece and is engraved w/ equal units

65
Q

Peptidedoglycan

A

Carbohydrate protein complex

66
Q

Capsule

A

Layer of a type of polysacharide outside of cell wall

67
Q

Nucleosome

A

Combination of DNA and histone

68
Q

Basal bodies

A

Structure relates to centrogones of eukaryotic cells and are located at base of cilia and Flagellum

69
Q
A

Biology (22 decks)

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