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Unit 2 part 2 Flashcards

Cell Types

1
Q

Cytology?

A

Branch of bio that studies all facets of the cell

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2
Q

Magnification?

A

The increase in an objects image size compared to its actual size

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3
Q

Resolution?

A

Minimal distance between two objects at which they can still be distinguished as two

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4
Q

Magnification + actual length formula

A

Magnification = Measured Length/ Actual Length

Actual Length = Measured Length/ Magnification

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5
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Uses light passing through living or dead spicemen to form an image

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6
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Use electrons passing through spicemen to form an image

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7
Q

Qualities of light microscopes

A
  • inexpensive to purchase and operate
  • Simple and easy spicemen preparation
  • Magnifies up to 2000x
  • Spicemens may be living or dead
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8
Q

Qualities of electron microscopes

A
  • Expensive to purchase and operate
  • Complex and lengthy spicemen preparation
  • Magnifies up to 500,000x
  • Spicemen are dead, and must be fixed in a plastic material
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9
Q

Field of vision/ view

A

Total area visible when looking through a microscopes eye or ocular

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10
Q

How can a diameter be calculated?

A

Using special micrometers

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11
Q

Qualitative data?

A
  • Non-numerical but descriptive data
    ex. colours, presence of structure/ feature, sex, etc
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12
Q

Quantitative data?

A

Numerical values collected by a specific type of instrument
ex. mass by lab balance, length by ruler, etc

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13
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

A
  • Scanning electron microscope 9=(SEM)
  • Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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14
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • Uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a spicemen
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15
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

A
  • Aims a beam of electrons through a very thin section of a spicemen that allows its inner structure to be viewed
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16
Q

What are the techniques employed when working with electron microscopes (EM)?

A
  • Freeze fracture
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy
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17
Q

Freeze fracture?

A

Process of preparing for observation with an EM
- Involves the rapid freezing of a biological spicemen followed by physically breaking it apart

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18
Q

Cryogenic electron microscopy?

A

Uses computer enhancement that shows 3D framework of protein involved in function of cell
- Utilizes low temps to freeze Spicemens in ice

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19
Q

Preparation techniques for using light microscope

A
  • Fluorescent stains
  • Immunofluorescence
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20
Q

Fluorescent stains

A

Substances/ dyes that combine with specific cellular components allowing scientist to study location, distribution, and quantity of specific biomolecules
- When fluorescence occurs assorted colours are produced

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21
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

Involves antibodies that have dyes already combined w/ them
- Allows the target, usually a protein, to be detected
- Often used to detect viral proteins that have infected cells

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22
Q

Condenser?

A
  • Located between stage + light source and possesses a lens that directs light rays from light source to spicemen
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23
Q

3 types of light microscopes?

A
  • Brightfield
  • Darkfield
  • Phase-contrast
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24
Q

Brightfield LM?

A

Most common and easy to use light microscope
- Visible light is used
- Spicemen is viewed against a light background

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25
Darkfield LM?
Spicemen appears light against a dark background - Special opaque lens is used in the condenser that blocks direct light from entering spicemen
26
Phase-Contrast
Special condenser with a circular diaphragm - Modified objective lenses are used to reveal detailed images of spicemen w/out staining
27
All cells posses what common structures?
DNA - As genetic material Cytoplasm - composed mainly of water Plasma membrane - Composed of lipids that surrounds the cytoplasm
28
Matrix?
- An unstructured semi-fluid region w/in a boundary
29
Cytosol?
- A matrix composed mainly of water and fills up the boundary of a cell
30
2 Types of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria - Member of domain eubacteria Archae - Member of domain archae
31
Pathogenic?
Disease causing Prokaryotes are not usually pathogenic
32
Prokaryotic cells
Have simple cell structure w/out compartmentalization
33
What does a prokaryotic cell consist of?
- Ribosomes - Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - Nucleoid region - Cell wall - Pili - Flagellum
34
Ribsomes (prokaryotes + eukaryotes)
Double layer of phospholipids that separate the interior of cell from outside environment - Used in protein synthesis - Controls what enters + exits cell Prokaryotes = 70s, Eukaryotes = 80s
35
Plasma membrane (prokaryotes)
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
36
Cytoplasm (prokaryotes + eukaryotes)
Cite of chemical reactions w/in the cell (metabolism)
37
Nucleiod region (prokaryotes)
irregularly shaped region that contains DNA - Usually in the form of circular double strand
38
Cell wall (prokaryote)
Provides structural support and prevents cells from bursting - Made of peptidoglycan
39
Pili (prokaryotes)
For adhesion and to transfer genetic material between bacteria (sexual reproduction) - Bacillus bacteria = pili - Staphylococcus = no pili
40
Binary Fission
A process that divides prokaryotic cells - Dna is copied = 2 daughter chromosomes - Daughter chromos to different regions on plasma membrane - Cell then divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
41
Eukaryotic cells
Have chromosomes located in nucleus and a variety of of membrane bound organelles - Animals, plants, and fungi = eukaryotic
42
What does a eukaryotic cell consist of?
- Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - Ribosomes - Nucleus - Chromosomes - Mitochondria - Vacuoles - Lysosomes - Rough + Smooth ER - Golgi apparatus - Cytoskeleton
43
Nucleus (eukaryotes)
Has chromosomes associated w/ histones protein in nucleus - Has double membrane w/ pores that allow mRNA to enter cytoplasm
44
Chromosomes (eukaryotes + prokaryote)
Composed of DNA wrapped around histone protein - Dna is genetic material for growth and development of cell Prokaryote = 1, loop of DNA Eukaryote = Many, linear
45
Mitochondria (eukaryote)
Aerobic respiration producing ATP - Has inner folded membranes known as cristae
46
Vacuoles (eukaryote)
Plants = large for storing nutrients Animals = small and involved in removal of waste
47
Lysosomes (eukaryotes)
Specialized enzymes containing enzymes involved in digestion of large molecules - Not usually found in plants
48
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryote)
Membrane structure that's the site for protein synthesis and is involved w/transporting proteins to golgi apparatus - ribosomes attached
49
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryote)
Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification - Doesn't have ribosomes attached
50
Golgi apparatus ( eukaryote)
Modifies and packages proteins to be exported from the cell
51
Cytoskeleton (eukaryotic + prokaryotic)
Composed of protein microtubules, involved in maintaining cell shape, moving organelles, and nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis)
52
What are the functions of life all cells must carry out, multicellular or unicellular?
- Metabolism - Growth - Reproduction - Response to stimuli - homeostasis - Nutrition - Excretion - Movement
53
Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal conditions w/in a narrow range
54
Response to stimuli
Ability of organisms to respond to internal or external stimuli
55
Cell wall (eukaryote)
Animal = yes Pldant = cellulose Fungi = chitin
56
vaculosed (eukaryote comparison)
Fungi = small or large depending on species Plant = Large central vacuole involved in storing nutrients + waste and helps maintain turgor pressure
57
Centrosome (eukaryotes)
Animal = yes + involved in mitosis Fungi = no Plant = no
58
Plastids (eukaryotes)
Only in plants cells
59
Chloroplast (eukaryotes)
Carries out photosynthesis - Only found in plants and algae
60
Eukaryotic cells that don't have a nucleus
- Skeletal muscle cells - Red blood cells - Phloem sieve tube elements
61
Endoplasmic theory
Suggests that a large cell engulfed a small aerobic prokaryotic cell - Evidence suggests all eukaryotes evolved from a common unicellular ancestor that had a nucleus and reproduced sexually
62
Host cell?
Provides protection received ATP energy from aerobic cell
63
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplast + mitochondria are a similar size to modern prokaryotes and share many characteristics which support the theory (70s ribosomes, binary fission)
64
Ocular micrometer
AKA graticle located in eyepiece and is engraved w/ equal units
65
Peptidedoglycan
Carbohydrate protein complex
66
Capsule
Layer of a type of polysacharide outside of cell wall
67
Nucleosome
Combination of DNA and histone
68
Basal bodies
Structure relates to centrogones of eukaryotic cells and are located at base of cilia and Flagellum
69

Biology (27 decks)

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