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Biology > Unit 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Part 1 Flashcards

Gas exchange

1
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as an organism gets larger?

A

It changes - decreases

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2
Q

What limits and organism’s ability to take in and release substance?

A

Its outer surface area layer

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3
Q

What can rely on direct exchange of respiratory gasses with their environment?

A

Only the smallest organisms

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4
Q

What do non small organisms rely on to get oxygen to internal tissues and take carbon DI away?

A

On anatomical and physiological adaptations

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5
Q

Where are specialized tissues found?

A
  • Skin of some organisms
  • Gills of many aquatic organisms
  • Lungs of some large terrestrial organisms
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6
Q

What are gas exchange surfaces characterized by?

A
  1. Being thin to keep diffusion distances shorter - Usually one cell layer
  2. Being moist to encourage gas diffusion
  3. Having large surface area for max diffusion
  4. Being permeable to respiratory gasses - Oxygen + Carbon DI
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7
Q

What must concentration gradients be maintained for?

A

For oxygen to diffuse into blood and carbon DI out of blood

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8
Q

What is exothermic?

A

Cold blooded

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9
Q

What species are exothermic?

A

All animals that use gills

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10
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Warm blooded

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11
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They are the only blood vessels that permit the exchange of substances

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12
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

Only one cell thick

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13
Q

What’s the difference between the levels of blood that leaves body tissues vs levels of blood before it reaches the active body tissue?

A

Blood that leaves body tissues has a higher concentration of carbon DI + lower concentration of oxygen compared to levels before the blood reached the active body tissues

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14
Q

Where has blood that is first circulated to the gills been?

A

W/in capillaries of the muscles and other body tissue

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15
Q

Concentration of oxygen and carbon DI in lung capillaries

A

Oxygen: Lower than the air inspired
Carbon DI: Higher than the air inspired

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16
Q

What are the two events that must occur to keep concentration gradients in place?

A
  1. Water/air must be continuously passed over/refressed (ventilated) in the gills/ lungs
  2. There must be a continuous blood flow to blood vessels in both the body tissues and tissues of gills or lungs
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17
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Microscopic spheres
- Tiny air sacs

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18
Q

What are the alveolus?

A

singular alveoli
- A terminal end of one of the branches of bronchioles

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19
Q

What did alveolus start off as?

A

The trachea

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20
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

Thin phospholipid and protein film that lines the inner surface of each alveolus

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21
Q

What does the surfactant do?

A

Reduces the surface tension of the moist inner surface + helps prevent each alveolus from collapsing each time air is expired

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22
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Small tubes that connect to the subdivided millions of spherical alveoli

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23
Q

What does the spherical shape of the alveoli provide?

A

A vast surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon DI

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24
Q

What type of tissue makes up our lungs?

A

Passive

25
Q

What are the muscles surrounding the lungs?

A

Diaphragm, muscles for the abdomen, and external and internal intercostal muscles

26
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

” An increase in volume will lead to a decrease in pressure, and vice versa”

27
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Inside the thorax/ thoracic cavity
- which only has one opening through the trachea

28
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Large, Dome-shaped muscle that forms the “floor” of thorax

29
Q

What happens when a diaphragm contracts?

A

It flattens the dome shape + increases volume of thorax

30
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A device used to measure lung volume

31
Q

What are the volumes that a spirometer can measure?

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Vital capacity
32
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air that’s breathed in or out during a normal cycle

33
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Max volume of air that a person can breathe in

34
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume?

A

Max volume of air a person can breathe out

35
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Sum of Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal, and expiratory

36
Q

Adaptations of a leaf

A
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Upper + Lower epidermis
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Spongy mesophyll
  • Veins
  • Stomata
37
Q

Waxy cuticle adaptation

A

Covers epidermis cells and reduces evaporation

38
Q

Epidermis cells adaptations

A

Found on the upper and lower surface of leaves that secrete a waxy cuticle and are transparent allowing lights into mesophyll cells where photosynthesis happens
- Guard cells forming stomata are on lower epidermis

39
Q

Palisade mesophyll adaptations

A

Densely packed region of cylindrical cell in upper portion of leaf

40
Q

Spongy mesophyll adapation

A

Loose packed cells located below the palisade layer and above stomata
- Few chloroplasts and air spaces around palisade increase surface area for gas exchange

41
Q

Air space adaptation

A

Facilitates diffusion of gasses between surrounding atmospheres and mesophyll cells

42
Q

Stomata adaptation

A

Pores that allow gasses to enter and leave cell
- More common on lower epidermis of leaves and are opened and closed by guard cells

43
Q

Veins adapation

A

Encloses fluid transport tube; xylem and phloem are located centrally w/in a leaf to give access to all cell layers

44
Q

What does water do in xylem?

A

Moves up from root stems to the leaf

45
Q

What does water do in Phloem?

A

Water and dissolved sugar are distributed to other parts of plants

46
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water through open stomata

47
Q

How can number of stomata be expressed?

A

mm^-2 or μm^-2

48
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Blood cells
- A plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm filled w/ Haemoglobin molecules

49
Q

What are haemoglobin molecules capable of?

A

Of reversibly binding to both oxygen and carbon DI molecules

50
Q

Which atom is binding when haemoglobin is binding to oxygen

A

the iron atom

51
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

When any oxygen molecule is bonded to a haemoglobin increasing its attraction for more oxygen

52
Q

What is allostery?

A

Binding of carbon DI to polypeptide chains of haemoglobin and resulting change in haemoglobins affinity for oxygen

53
Q

What is the allosteric site?

A

Area of each polypeptide when carbon DI binds

54
Q

What is bohr shift?

A

The binding of carbon DI to haemoglobin resulting in an increase in the release of oxygen molecules and decrease for affinity of oxygen

55
Q

What is haemoglobin job?

A

Uses cooperative binding of oxygen molecules to ensure sufficient oxygen is brought to respiring tissue

56
Q

features of erythrocytes

A
  • Biconcave shape
  • Each contain 300M haemoglobin molecules
  • No nucleus = More space to carry haemoglobin
57
Q

Structure if type 1 pnuemocytes?

A

Extremely thin (0.1-0.2 μm thick) and have a large surface area

58
Q

What is the function of Type II pneumocytes?

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant and can differentiate into Type I pneumocytes

59
Q

Air inspired into alveoli?

A

Oxygen: higher concentration
carbon do: Lower concentration

Biology (22 decks)

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