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Unit 3 Part 3 Flashcards

D2.1

1
Q

Mitosis overview

A

Produces two identical genetic cells (daughter)
- Used for growth and repair
- Most cells In body replicate using mitosis

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2
Q

Meiosis overview

A

Produces sex cells only (gametes)
- Produces 4 daughter cells
- each daughter cell has dif combination of hereditary info from parent cell

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3
Q

What is cell division?

A

The process of producing two cells from one

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4
Q

What does cell division do?

A

Makes sure genetic info is passed on to future cells including copies of all organelles necessary to make cell function

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5
Q

Parent/ mother cells

A

Produce a copy

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6
Q

What are daughter cells?

A

Two new cells that are generated from parent cells

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7
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

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8
Q

Why do prokaryotes divide by binary fission?

A

B/c they have a single chromosome of DNA to replicate

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9
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A
  1. DNA is copied
  2. 2 Daughter chromosomes become attached to Dif regions on plasma membrane
  3. Cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
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10
Q

Cytokineses

A

A process that splits a cell’s cytoplasm and membranes in two ones it reaches a certain size

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11
Q

Cytokineses in animal cells

A

Inwards pinching of fluid plasma membrane to form cleavage furrows

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12
Q

Cytokineses in plant cells

A

Has a rigid cell wall and form a cell plate

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13
Q

Cleavage furrows?

A

A groove along the cell membrane

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14
Q

Cell plate?

A

Built up by vesicles that collect midway between the two poles of cell and lay down cell membrane and cell wall cells

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15
Q

Oogenesis?

A

Unequal sharing of parent cell resources in production of eggs

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16
Q

What do cell daughters have?

A

An equal number of chromosomes as the parent cell and same genome

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17
Q

Before cells divide what must take place?

A

DNA replication

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18
Q

DNA replication?

A

When a complete copy of the cell’s DNA has been made
- Happens during the S phase ( synthesize phase)

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19
Q

What are the two sister chromatids attached to?

A

The centrome

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20
Q

How does the process of condensation work?

A

Involves DNA being wrapped around histone proteins

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21
Q

How are coils stacked on top of each other?

A

It’s coiled up and then supercoiled and form a compact pair of chromatids

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22
Q

Chromatin?

A

When DNA is associated w/ histone proteins

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23
Q

What does a centrosome do?

A

Makes microtubule spindle fibres that are needed to guide chromosomes to the right place before cell division

24
Q

Motor proteins?

A

Specialized molecules that push or pull objects around a cell

25
What do motor proteins use to produce what?
They use ATP to produce conformational change ( a change in shape) that moves microtubules
26
Microtubules and motor proteins during cell division
Astral microtubule: Reach out from centrome Kinetochore microtubules: Attach to centrome of chromosome Overlap microtubules: Pass beside chromosomes Motor proteins: sandwiched between overlap microtubules
27
What is it called when a cell is not undergoing cell division?
Interphase
28
Phases of mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telaphase
29
Prophase?
1. Chromatin fibres coil up tightly forming chromosomes 2. Envelope disintegrates, nucleoli disapears 3. Mitotic spindles form 4. Kinetochores attach to spindles 5. Centrosomes move towards opposite cell poles due to microtubule lengthening
30
Metaphase?
1. Chromosomes move to metaphase plate 2. Centromes of chromosomes align on the plate 3. Centrosomes move to opposite poles
31
Anaphase?
Chromosomes move towards opposite poles of cell as a result of motor proteins
32
Why do centromeres move towards the poles first in anaphase?
B/c they are attached to microtubules
33
Telophase?
1. Set of chromosomes at each pole 2. Nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set 3. Chromosomes start to elongate 4. Nucleoli reappears 5. Spindle apparatus disappears
34
What kind of division is meiosis?
Reduction
35
Prophase 1
1. The nuclear envelope breaks down. The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. 2. Homologous chromosomes pair up. 3. "crossing over occurs" which creates genetic variation
36
Metaphase 1
1. Homologous chromosomes line up across the cell's metaphase plate, are randomly orientated. 2. Nuclear membrane disintegrates
37
Anaphase 1
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of cell
38
Telophase 1
1. Spindles and spindle fibers disintegrate 2. chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear membranes form
39
Prophase 2
1. DNA re-condenses into visible chromosomes 2. New meiotic spindle fibers are produced
40
Metaphase 2
1. Nuclear membrane disintegrates 2. Individual chromosomes line up along metaphase plate 3. Spindle fibers form opposite poles attach to each of sister chromatids at centromeres
41
Anaphase 2
1. The chromatids split at the centromere 2. Migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles 3. Chromosomes can be pulled towards either of newly forming daughter cells
42
Telophase 2
1. The cells pinch in the center and divide again 2. Chromosomes unwind their strands of DNA 3. Nuclear envelopes form around each of the four new nuclei
43
What does the extra chromosome arise from
A phenomenon called Non-disjunction - Can happen at different times and on different chromosomes
44
Crossing over in meiosis
When sections of 2 homologous but non-sister chromatids break at same point, twist around each other, and then each connects to the other's initial position
45
Meristems?
Areas of special tissue found in plant cells
46
Meristematic cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can divide rapidly allowing growth in plants
47
2 Types of meristematic tissue?
Apical and lateral
48
Apical meristematic tissue
Occurs in root tips and at tips of branches, enables a plant to lengthen
49
Lateral meristematic tissue
Occurs in stem cells and enables the stems to grow in width
50
Zone of cell division?
Area where new, undifferentiated cells are formed
51
Cyclins?
Group of proteins that control the cells pregression through the cell cycle - They bind to cycling dependent protein kinases
52
Phosphorylation?
When a phosphate group is attached to a molecule and is a common way to activate enzymes
53
What does the mitotic cyclin do?
Tell the cell to start making the microtubules that will form the spindle fibers for mitosis
54
Ancogenes?
Sections of genes that can mutate or can be expressed at abnormally high levels
55
Proto-oncogene?
A gene that can turn into an oncogene
56
Apoptosis?
A programmed death that breaks down the material of dead cells and recycles them in the organism
57
Tumor suppressor genes?
Specialized genes in healthy cells that code for proteins that can regulate the cell cycle

Biology (27 decks)

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