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Biology > Unit 3 Part 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Part 3 Flashcards

D2.1

1
Q

Mitosis overview

A

Produces two identical genetic cells (daughter)
- Used for growth and repair
- Most cells In body replicate using mitosis

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2
Q

Meiosis overview

A

Produces sex cells only (gametes)
- Produces 4 daughter cells
- each daughter cell has dif combination of hereditary info from parent cell

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3
Q

What is cell division?

A

The process of producing two cells from one

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4
Q

What does cell division do?

A

Makes sure genetic info is passed on to future cells including copies of all organelles necessary to make cell function

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5
Q

Parent/ mother cells

A

Produce a copy

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6
Q

What are daughter cells?

A

Two new cells that are generated from parent cells

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7
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

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8
Q

Why do prokaryotes divide by binary fission?

A

B/c they have a single chromosome of DNA to replicate

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9
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A
  1. DNA is copied
  2. 2 Daughter chromosomes become attached to Dif regions on plasma membrane
  3. Cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
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10
Q

Cytokineses

A

A process that splits a cell’s cytoplasm and membranes in two ones it reaches a certain size

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11
Q

Cytokineses in animal cells

A

Inwards pinching of fluid plasma membrane to form cleavage furrows

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12
Q

Cytokineses in plant cells

A

Has a rigid cell wall and form a cell plate

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13
Q

Cleavage furrows?

A

A groove along the cell membrane

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14
Q

Cell plate?

A

Built up by vesicles that collect midway between the two poles of cell and lay down cell membrane and cell wall cells

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15
Q

Oogenesis?

A

Unequal sharing of parent cell resources in production of eggs

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16
Q

What do cell daughters have?

A

An equal number of chromosomes as the parent cell and same genome

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17
Q

Before cells divide what must take place?

A

DNA replication

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18
Q

DNA replication?

A

When a complete copy of the cell’s DNA has been made
- Happens during the S phase ( synthesize phase)

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19
Q

What are the two sister chromatids attached to?

A

The centrome

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20
Q

How does the process of condensation work?

A

Involves DNA being wrapped around histone proteins

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21
Q

How are coils stacked on top of each other?

A

It’s coiled up and then supercoiled and form a compact pair of chromatids

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22
Q

Chromatin?

A

When DNA is associated w/ histone proteins

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23
Q

What does a centrosome do?

A

Makes microtubule spindle fibres that are needed to guide chromosomes to the right place before cell division

24
Q

Motor proteins?

A

Specialized molecules that push or pull objects around a cell

25
Q

What do motor proteins use to produce what?

A

They use ATP to produce conformational change ( a change in shape) that moves microtubules

26
Q

Microtubules and motor proteins during cell division

A

Astral microtubule: Reach out from centrome
Kinetochore microtubules: Attach to centrome of chromosome
Overlap microtubules: Pass beside chromosomes
Motor proteins: sandwiched between overlap microtubules

27
Q

What is it called when a cell is not undergoing cell division?

A

Interphase

28
Q

Phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase

29
Q

Prophase?

A
  1. Chromatin fibres coil up tightly forming chromosomes
  2. Envelope disintegrates, nucleoli disapears
  3. Mitotic spindles form
  4. Kinetochores attach to spindles
  5. Centrosomes move towards opposite cell poles due to microtubule lengthening
30
Q

Metaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes move to metaphase plate
  2. Centromes of chromosomes align on the plate
  3. Centrosomes move to opposite poles
31
Q

Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes move towards opposite poles of cell as a result of motor proteins

32
Q

Why do centromeres move towards the poles first in anaphase?

A

B/c they are attached to microtubules

33
Q

Telophase?

A
  1. Set of chromosomes at each pole
  2. Nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set
  3. Chromosomes start to elongate
  4. Nucleoli reappears
  5. Spindle apparatus disappears
34
Q

What kind of division is meiosis?

A

Reduction

35
Q

Prophase 1

A
  1. The nuclear envelope breaks down. The chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
  2. Homologous chromosomes pair up.
  3. “crossing over occurs” which creates genetic variation
36
Q

Metaphase 1

A
  1. Homologous chromosomes line up across the cell’s metaphase plate, are randomly orientated.
  2. Nuclear membrane disintegrates
37
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of cell

38
Q

Telophase 1

A
  1. Spindles and spindle fibers disintegrate
  2. chromosomes uncoil and new nuclear membranes form
39
Q

Prophase 2

A
  1. DNA re-condenses into visible chromosomes
  2. New meiotic spindle fibers are produced
40
Q

Metaphase 2

A
  1. Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  2. Individual chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
  3. Spindle fibers form opposite poles attach to each of sister chromatids at centromeres
41
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  1. The chromatids split at the centromere
  2. Migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles
  3. Chromosomes can be pulled towards either of newly forming daughter cells
42
Q

Telophase 2

A
  1. The cells pinch in the center and divide again
  2. Chromosomes unwind their strands of DNA
  3. Nuclear envelopes form around each of the four new nuclei
43
Q

What does the extra chromosome arise from

A

A phenomenon called Non-disjunction
- Can happen at different times and on different chromosomes

44
Q

Crossing over in meiosis

A

When sections of 2 homologous but non-sister chromatids break at same point, twist around each other, and then each connects to the other’s initial position

45
Q

Meristems?

A

Areas of special tissue found in plant cells

46
Q

Meristematic cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide rapidly allowing growth in plants

47
Q

2 Types of meristematic tissue?

A

Apical and lateral

48
Q

Apical meristematic tissue

A

Occurs in root tips and at tips of branches, enables a plant to lengthen

49
Q

Lateral meristematic tissue

A

Occurs in stem cells and enables the stems to grow in width

50
Q

Zone of cell division?

A

Area where new, undifferentiated cells are formed

51
Q

Cyclins?

A

Group of proteins that control the cells pregression through the cell cycle
- They bind to cycling dependent protein kinases

52
Q

Phosphorylation?

A

When a phosphate group is attached to a molecule and is a common way to activate enzymes

53
Q

What does the mitotic cyclin do?

A

Tell the cell to start making the microtubules that will form the spindle fibers for mitosis

54
Q

Ancogenes?

A

Sections of genes that can mutate or can be expressed at abnormally high levels

55
Q

Proto-oncogene?

A

A gene that can turn into an oncogene

56
Q

Apoptosis?

A

A programmed death that breaks down the material of dead cells and recycles them in the organism

57
Q

Tumor suppressor genes?

A

Specialized genes in healthy cells that code for proteins that can regulate the cell cycle

Biology (22 decks)

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