Unit 3 Part 1

Question 1

Mutations?

Answer 1

Any change to RNA or DNA base sequence of cell

Question 2

What’s involved in DNA replication?

Answer 2

Enzymes

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

Synthesis of RNA using DNA as template

Question 4

What transcribes DNA to RNA?

Answer 4

Enzyme RNA polymers

Question 5

Translation

Answer 5

Synthesis of polypeptides by ribosomes

Question 6

What do ribosomes need to synthesize polypeptides?

Answer 6

mRNA and tRNA

Question 7

What do mRNA and RNA do in translation?

Answer 7

mRNA
- Brings genetic code to ribosomes
RNA
- Brings amino acids to the ribosomes

Question 8

Gene mutations

Answer 8

Change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

Question 9

Types of gene mutations

Answer 9

Point mutations
- Changes one base in DNA sequence
Substitutional mutations
- When one or more nucleotide(s) in DNA sequences are replaced by another nucleotide
Insertion mutations
- When one or more nucleotide(s) are added to the DNA sequence
Deletion mutation
- Happens when one or more nucleotides are removed from DNA sequences

Question 10

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 10

Happens when a single nucleotide in a gene changes resulting in different amino acids in a protein

Question 11

Allele

Answer 11

Gene in the population
- A mutation that creates a single nucleotide polymorphism produces and alternative version of an allele

Question 12

Polymorphism

Answer 12

Occurrence of 2 different phenotypes w/in a population

Question 13

What are the results of single nucleotide based solutions?

Answer 13

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 14

Base substitution mutations

Answer 14

Single base substitution mutation changes the nucleotide sequence for 1 codon w/in a gene

Question 15

Why could base substitution mutation not be able to change amino acid sequences?

Answer 15

Due to degeneracy of genetic code
- Genetic code is degenerate b/c 1 acid can be coded by more then 1 codon

Question 16

How is a different protein sequence produced?

Answer 16

When a codon mutates to code for a different amino acid or a stop codon

Question 17

Insertion mutation

Answer 17

Adds 1 or more nucleotides(s) to a gene

• Changes many codons as they are triplets of nucleotides
• All codons are changed after insertion
• Insertion mutation will release protein w/multiple different amino acids

Question 18

Deletion mutation

Answer 18

Removes 1 or more nucleotide(s) from gene
- Changes many codons as they are triplets of nucleotides
- All codons are changed after deletion
- Deletion mutation will release protein w/multiple different amino acids

Question 19

Frame shift mutation

Answer 19

Results from insertion/ deletion of nucleotides that are not in multiples of 3
- Changes all codons after mutation

Question 20

Point Mutation

Answer 20

Changes 1 nucleotide in single codon
- Could change a singular amino acid in a protein

Question 21

Frame shift mutation features

Answer 21

• Insertion/ deletions disrupt reading of codons in gene
• Polypeptides created by FSM are unlikely to function as many codons have different sequences of amino acids

Question 22

Causes of gene mutation?

Answer 22

Naturally through DNA replication or in repair of damaged DNA

Question 23

Mutagens

Answer 23

Agents that cause permanent, heritable changes to DNA of cells

Question 24

High energy radiation of mutagens?

Answer 24

• High energy electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet light
• x-rays, gamma lights = mutagens

Radioactive isotopes of elements release alpha and beta particles (mutagens)

Question 25

How are mutagens chemicals?

Answer 25

B/c they react w/ and damage DNA
- Alkylciting agents used in chemo = mutagens
- Tobacco smoke = has many mutagens ( polycyclic chromatic hydrocarbons) formed when lighted up

Question 26

Why are mutations random?

Answer 26

They happen anywhere w/in genome but vary according to nucleotide and have no natural mechanisms for deliberate mutation, creating new allele for gene, and changing a trait

Question 27

Cytosine

Answer 27

Nitrogen base/ highest probability of mutating

Question 28

Consequences of mutations

Answer 28

Can be neutral, beneficial, or harmful
- Most are neutral b/c they occur w/in noncoding sections of DNA that have no function or b/c of the degeneracy of genetic code
- Many are harmful but could be beneficial for survival and reproduction reasons

Question 29

Germ Cells

Answer 29

Develops into gamets

Question 30

What happens if the gamete that the Germ cell is developing into has mutilated cell?

Answer 30

The allele will be present in zygote after fertilization

Question 31

Somatic cells

Answer 31

Any cell that is not reproductive meaning mutations are not passed off to offsprings

Question 32

Natural selection

Answer 32

Differential survival due to inheritance of traits that make an individual more likely to survive and reproduce w/ alleles and are made by mutagens

Question 33

Natural selection traits

Answer 33

Causes evolution of species overtime
- Genetic variation is required for evolution
Mutations are a key source of variation for natural selection

Question 34

Gene knockout

Answer 34

Technique where the targeted gene is inactivated/ removed from an organism
- Allows scientists to study the impact on an organism of removing a gene

Question 35

Gene Knockout organisms

Answer 35

Mice
- Created for nearly all of the mice coded genes
Fruit fly
- Cover most of the fruit by genome
Zebrafish
- Developed to study ventelorcte development + diseases