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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > Unit 4 - JC > Flashcards

Unit 4 - JC Flashcards

1
Q

They carry genetic materials to be inherited by offspring.

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Who coined the term chromosome meaning “colored bodies”?

A

Wilhelm Waldeyer

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2
Q

Provided first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

Note: His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis.

A

Theodor Boveri

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2
Q

Described the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis (testes of Brachystola magna)

Note: Confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observations

A

Walter Sutton

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2
Q

Carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Mendelian factors

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2
Q

Recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus-termed chromatin or “stainable material”

A

Walther Flemming

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2
Q

Whose experiments provided the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity?
A. Flemming and Waldeyer
B. Bridges and Flemming
C. Sutton and Boveri
D. Morgan and Bridges

A

C

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3
Q

Helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex

A

Calvin Bridges

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3
Q

Experimentally demonstrated Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster - pioneered “Fly Room” experiments

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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3
Q

Greatly contributed to the discovery of sex chromosomes and association between specific genes and specific chromosomes
A. Flemming and Waldeyer
B. Bridges and Flemming
C. Sutton and Boveri
D. Morgan and Bridges

A

D

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4
Q

Boveri and Sutton’s experiments led to what theory?

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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4
Q

Threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA

Note: They are factors that distinguish one species from another

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

True or False?

Chromosomes come from “chroma” and “soma” which means color and body, respectively.

A

True

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4
Q

Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

Chromosomes, in _________
Ensure daughter cell retain its own complete genetic complement

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

Chromosomes, in _________
Enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental gene

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

In a ‘normal’ human being, how many chromosomes are there?

A

46

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8
Q

Human chromosomes contain how many autosomes?

A

44

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9
Q

Human chromosomes contain how many pairs of sex chromosomes?

A

1

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10
Q

Other DNA materials found in mitochondria

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

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11
Q

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

A

Homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

True or False?
Mitochondria are not capable of replicating on their own, despite having their own DNA.

A

False

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13
Q

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

Note: Become condensed and visible under the microscope.

A

Metaphase Chromosome

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14
Q

Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin. Forms core for the DNA.

A

Histones

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14
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

A

DNA

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15
Q

Repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones

Note: DNA + Histones

A

Nucleosome

16
Q

A group of six nucleosomes

17
Q

Clusters of solenoids

18
Q

Formed by coiled chromatin; half of a chromosomes

19
Q

Formed by two sister chromatids

A

Chromosome

20
Q

Central region which is the primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked. Responsible for

Note: Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA chromosome movement at cell division.

A

Centromere

21
Q

Organelles located at the centromere region (MOTC) and it facilitates spindle formation

A

Kinetochore

22
Q

Portion of chromosome that is designated as p (petite)

23
Q

Portion of chromosome that is designated as q (queues) or g (grande)

24
Q

12p16

A. Short arm

B. Long arm

25
Q

12p16

What specific region in the chromosome is indicated?

26
Q

12p16

What chromosome number is indicated?

27
Q

12p16

This denotes the _____ of a specific gene.

28
Q

Chromosomes that have a single centromere.

A

Monocentric

29
Q

Chromosomes that lacks a centromere.

30
Q

Chromosomes that have two centromeres

31
Q

Which of the following types of chromosomes reliably transmit from parental to daughter cells?
A. Monocentric
B. Dicentric
C. Acentric
D. Both B and C

32
Q

Which of the following types of chromosomes are genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost?
A. Monocentric
B. Dicentric
C. Acentric
D. Both B and C

33
Q

Which of the following types of chromosomes are genetically unstable because they are not transmitted in a predictable fashion?
A. Monocentric
B. Dicentric
C. Acentric
D. Both B and C

33
Q

Chromosomes that have centromeres that are centrally located yielding arms of roughly equal length.

A

Metacentric

34
Q

Chromosomes that have centromeres that are off-center yielding arms of unequal length.

A

Submetacentric

35
Q

Chromosomes that have centromeres very close to one end yielding a very small short arm.

Note: Often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites which encodes rRNA.

A

Acrocentric

36
Q

Small pieces of DNA in acrocentric chromosomes that encode rRNA.

A

Satellites

37
Q

What does “acro” mean?

38
Q

Chromosomes that have centromeres located at the terminal end.

Note: These are not found in humans.

A

Telocentric

39
Q

How many pairs of metacentric chromosomes are found in humans?

A

5
(1, 3, 16, 19, 20)

40
Q

How many pairs of submetacentric chromosomes are found in humans?

A

13
(2, 4-12, 17-18, X)

41
Q

How many pairs of acrocentric chromosomes are found in humans?

A

5
(13-15, 21, 22, Y)

42
Q

How many pairs of telocentric chromosomes are found in humans?

43
Q

What is the chromosome type?

Arm length ratio: 1.0-1.6/1.7

A

Metacentric

44
Q

What is the chromosome type?

Arm length ratio: 3.1-6.9

A

Subtelocentric

45
Q

What is the chromosome type?

Arm length ratio: 3.0

A

Submetacentric

46
Q

What is the chromosome type?

Arm length ratio: 7.0

A

Acrocentric

47
Q

What is the chromosome type?

Arm length ratio: Not acceptable

A

Telocentric

48
Q

Tip of each chromosomes

49
Q

Human telomere hexameric sequence

50
Q

Lasso-like structure at the end of a telomere that serves to protect the termini of a chromosomal DNA molecule from end-to-end fusions and degradation by exonucleases.

51
Q

Which is not a function of telomeres?
A. Prevent abnormal end-to-end fusion
B. Protect ends of chromosomes from degradation
C. Ensure complete DNA replication
D. Have a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis
E. Serve as primary constrictions where sister chromatids are linked

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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