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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > QUIZLET Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

QUIZLET Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Mendellian Factors

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2
Q

Who is the father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

What did Gregor Mendel use to study the laws of heredity?

A

Pea Plants

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel tried to isolate something that was being transferred from one generation to another that shows up as the ________________________ that he has calculated the math for

A

different phenotypes

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4
Q

Mendel’s law is true throughout the different discoveries of how genes and traits are passed because he had a ____________________ proof.

A

mathematical

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5
Q

True or False: The discovery of the chromosome occurred before Mendel’s discovery about heredity.

A

False

(chromosome discovery - almost two (2) decades after Mendel’s work)

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5
Q

Who is the individual that helped elucidate the factors that are being explained by the Mendelian laws?

A

Walther Flemming

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5
Q

What was the term Mendel used to describe the thing being carried out from one generation to another?

A

Factors

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6
Q

True or False: The majority of the scientists are looking at the center of the eukaryotic cell called the nucleus as the part of the cell where the genetic material is being carried out from one generation to the next.

A

True

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7
Q

Recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus

A

Walther Flemming

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8
Q

What is the fibrous network within the nucleus called?

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

True or False: The chromatin was explored by Flemming in the idea that these are the ones that carries out the Mendelian laws.

A

True

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10
Q

Chromatin is also known as…

A

“stainable material”

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11
Q

He observed cells in various stages of division and recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division.

A

Walther Flemming

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12
Q

He is one of the pioneers of embryology.

A

Theodor Boveri

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13
Q

True or False: In the different phases of mitosis, we look at the doubling of the chromosome to become trivalent before they separate again during metaphase as the trivalent goes back to being bivalent and is pulled to different poles after they have been aligned in the equator.

A

False

(Not trivalent, it’s tetravalent)

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14
Q

He did not simply look at the nuclei, unlike Walther Flemming and his contemporaries who focused on that.

A

Theodor Boveri

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15
Q

Provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

A

Theodor Boveri

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16
Q

Theodor Boveri looked for _________________ changes to form the new offspring from the union of gametes.

A

cytoplasmic changes

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17
Q

His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Theodor Boveri

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18
Q

Did not only focus on the mitosis and nuclei but also in the cytoplasmic aspect of meiotic divisions

A

Theodor Boveri

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18
Q

Theodor Boveri’s work on _____________ embryo provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Ascaris

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18
Q

He is a parasitologist who looks into the embryo of Ascaris spp.

A

Theodor Boveri

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19
Q

Division on meiosis can be described in what levels?

A
  • Nuclear Level
  • Chromosomal Level
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20
Q

How many products does meiosis have in women?

A

4 (1 mature egg and 3 polar bodies)

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21
Q

Among the four products of meiosis in females, one of them becomes a ____________________, while the other three becomes ______________________.

A

mature egg; polar bodies

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22
Q

Confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observations

A

Walter Sutton

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23
Q

Described the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis (testes of Brachystola magna)

A

Walter Sutton

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24
Q

What did Walter Sutton use in describing the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis?

A

Brachystola magna

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25
Q

What is Brachystola magna?

A

Grasshopper

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26
Q

Who was the scientist focusing on mitosis?

A

Walther Flemming

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26
Q

What is the cornerstone of mitotic and meiotic analysis, as well as the building up of modern genetics and cytogenetics?

A

Model Animals

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27
Q

Who were the scientists focusing on meiosis?

A

Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

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28
Q

The experiments of Flemming, Sutton, and Boveri provided the physical basis of the Mendelian Law of Heredity, which eventually led to the development of what theory?

A

“Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance”

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29
Q

An extension of the dominance principle in heredity is seen in…

A

Sex Cells

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30
Q

Autosomes are involved in what cell process?

A

Mitosis

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31
Q

Where you would see dominant and recessive patterns

A

Sex-linked Traits

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32
Q

This theory states that genes do not affect each other, others chance of being inherited is seen as we divide the chromosome into gametes in meiosis.

A

Independent Assortment and Segregation

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33
Q

Sex chromosomes are involved in what cell process?

A

Meiosis

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34
Q

Experimentally demonstrated Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster - pioneered “Fly Room” experiments

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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35
Q

What did Thomas Hunt Morgan use in demonstrating the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? (Scientific name)

A

Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly)

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35
Q

He bred thousands of flies to prove mathematically what sex-linked inheritance is like.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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36
Q

He had combination of traits including eye color, eye shape, wings, wing shape, and etc. using flies (fruit flies), which are easy to breed (they create generations and generations of flies.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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37
Q

He is an American scientist who is also the founding father of modern cytogenetics or genetics in general.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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38
Q

PhD holder working in his own lab at Colombia, USA and had several students who also contributed to the field of Cytogenetics that became noble owners, such as Calvin Bridges and Alfred Sturtevant

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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39
Q

Who were the students of Thomas Hunt Morgan? (2)

A

Calvin Bridges
Alfred Sturtevant

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40
Q

She is a professor at FOP that owns a Gestational Diabetes Laboratory and some co-faculties work under her and have completed their PhD during the process.

A

Dr. Ruth Pineda-Cortel

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41
Q

Helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex

A

Calvin Bridges

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42
Q

His important contribution in the field of Cytogenetics is the study of Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis that contributed to the analysis of traits whether they are affected by the number of chromosomes, or known as Haploidy

A

Calvin Bridges

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43
Q

This has a very important role in the aberrations seen in phenotypes that they expressed which are now considered as rare diseases, such as Down Syndrome.

A

Nondisjunction

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44
Q

An abnormal number of a chromosome set, such as the 21st set having three chromosomes caused by non-separation or nondisjunction of chromosomal elements during meiosis.

A

Aneuploidy

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45
Q

One of the lifetime results of aberrations in chromosomal inheritance patterns

A

Nondisjunction (including Aneuploidies)

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46
Q

These are threadlike structures or “colored bodies.”

A

Chromosomes

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47
Q

Soma means…

A

Body

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48
Q

Chroma means…

A

Color

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49
Q

Means they are carried in the 44 pairs of bodily chromosomes, in which the last pair is the gametes

A

Autosomes

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50
Q

Chromosomes are made of… (2)

A

Protein
DNA (a single molecule)

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51
Q

Inheritance through the cell’s bodies

A

Autosomal inheritance

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52
Q

True or False: Chromosomes are made up of one single DNA molecule that runs several thousands of kilobases.

A

True

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53
Q

Chromosomes run in _____________ pairs of DNA.

A

kilobase

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54
Q

The discovery of chromosomal inheritance which is the main factor present in the chromosome passed on from one generation to the next serving as the basis of modern hereditary concepts was not discovered until the discovery of _______________________.

A

DNA’s double helical structure (by Watson and Crick)

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55
Q

True or False: Early experiments, like an experiment on rats to isolate chromosomal DNA as the main factor that Mendel was looking at, occurred even before the Watson and Crick era. However, they were not yet sure about the structure of DNA during the chromosomal analysis of these individuals until the Watson-Crick era.

A

True

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56
Q

In the chromosomal factors studied by Flemming, there were two biomolecules present that are candidates of transmission of genetic material from one cell to the other, which are… (2)

A

DNA
Protein

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56
Q

What are the factors that distinguish one species from another?

A

Chromosomes

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57
Q

The early experiment being the first to prove that it is in fact DNA that is being passed from one generation to the next, and not protein.

A

R and S Strain

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57
Q

As diploid individuals, there are how many DNA strands that make up our individual chromosomes, where the number and sets of genes present in the chromosomes are what distinguishes one species from another?

A

46

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58
Q

The number of stained regions or euchromatin stained, indicates the number of…. (2)

A

The number of stained regions or euchromatin stained, indicates the number of…. (2)

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59
Q

We lack the __________ protein, which is seen in hedgehogs, as the genes present in our chromosomes dictate what proteins are expressed.

A

Quill

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60
Q

As we move towards the molecular side of Genetics, we don’t just look at chromosomes and karyotypes now. Instead, we analyze __________________ (2) in the chromosomes that dictate speciation.

A

microscopic aberrations
molecular changes

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60
Q

What would distinguish humans from chimpanzees, even though we have a very close number of chromosomes?

A

Replication of certain portions of genes having an increased number of genes

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61
Q

In the previous years, what was the important facet of staining chromosomes?

A

Banding patterns of heterochromatin and euchromatin (genetically-transcriptionable areas)

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62
Q

What is genetically-transcriptionable, heterochromatin or euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin

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63
Q

The double-helix DNA is wrapped and poled around what proteins to create a chromosome?

A

Histone proteins

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64
Q

The chromosome is tied together in the center or a constriction in the middle, which refers to the…

A

Centromere

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65
Q

True or False: All chromosomes have centromeres.

A

False

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66
Q

What dictates the type of chromosome? (3)

A
  • Presence and absence of centromere
  • Quantity of centromere
  • Position of centromere
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66
Q

The _____________ is when they are a pair of sister chromatids tied together at the centromere and where microtubules attach and divide.

A

Rule of Centromere

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67
Q

Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

A

Chromosome

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68
Q

In this process, sister chromatids contain the same information in one cell.

A

Mitosis

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69
Q

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell from one generation to the other.

A

Ploidy

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70
Q

True or False: Changes in the number of chromosomes from one generation to the other spells out consequences prominent in cancer patients where chromosomal aberrations occur in the products of mitosis because of the rapid and uncontrolled cell division in the tumor.

A

True

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71
Q

In meiosis, this enables each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes.

A

Chromosomes

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72
Q

In meiosis, chromosomes go from 2n _______________ to n ______________.

A

diploid –> haploid

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73
Q

Genetic Recombination is seen in what stages of Meiosis?

A

Prophase I

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73
Q

Chromosomes in meiosis encapsulates the idea of what theory?

A

Law of Independent Assortment and Segregation

73
Q

These are the chromosomes that are constant in the body.

A

Autosomes

73
Q

Mitochondrial DNA are attributed to _____________________ such as MELAS.

A

extra-chromosomal DNA

73
Q

True or False: Meiosis recombination confound in these phases create new genetically different individuals from their parents that improve our immune system and survive diseases that our parents cannot.

A

True

73
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

44 chromosomes

73
Q

These are the other DNA materials found in mitochondria.

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

73
Q

How many sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

2 chromosomes

73
Q

We only get from our mothers

A

Matrilineal

73
Q

Diseases develop through _________________ and __________________ in the mitochondrial DNA

A

heteroplasmy; mosaicism

74
Q

These are the regions at the end of linear chromosomes (eukaryotes).

A

Telomeres

74
Q

Each cell contains how many pairs of human chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes

74
Q

What is the molecule of life?

A

DNA

74
Q

The part of the chromosome that plays a role in attaching cells to nucleolus during meiosis.

A

Telomeres

74
Q

Each cell contains how many human chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

74
Q

Approximately how many genes code for proteins that perform most life functions?

A

20,000 to 25,000

74
Q

Approximately how many DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes containing the bases A, T, G and C are there?

A

3 billion

74
Q

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

A

Metaphase Chromosome

74
Q

Describe the Metaphase Chromosomes. (2)

A

Replicated
Condensed

75
Q

What is the most condensed form of the chromosome?

A

Metaphase Chromosome

75
Q

What is the most studied chromosome because this is the most condensed form?

A

Metaphase Chromosome

75
Q

What part of the chromosome becomes prominent in the metaphase plate?

A

Centromere

75
Q

True or False: Telomeres are found in circular chromosomes (prokaryotes)

A

False

75
Q

Linear Chromosomes are found in what organisms?

A

Eukaryotes

75
Q

Circular chromosomes are found in what organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

76
Q

Protect the chromosomes from being destroyed at the tips; Genetic information at the end might still be helpful for the process of life

A

telomeres

76
Q

The part of the chromosome that helps in the maintenance of information encoded in the DNA.

A

Telomeres

77
Q

True or False: Telomere protects the loss of genetic information and helps in non-development of tumors.

A

True

78
Q

Enzyme the synthesized the telomere ensures that the information until the very end of the chromosome remains

A

Telomerase

79
Q

True or False: Karyotyping is important in chromosome arrangement.

A

True

79
Q

The pairing in karyotyping is arranged according to…

A

Size

80
Q

What is the biggest chromosome?

A

X Chromosome

81
Q

What is the smallest chromosome?

A

Y Chromosome

82
Q

DNA is wound around histones to form __________________. These are organized into __________________, which in turn make up the ___________________.

A

nucleosomes; solenoids; chromatin loops

83
Q

This protein is rich in basic amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) for positive charges to be present in order to attract phosphate.

A

Histones

84
Q

Histones are rich in what basic amino acids? (2)

A

Arginine and Lysine

85
Q

Arginine and Lysine are what types of amino acids?

A

Basic

86
Q

Histone protein is rich in basic amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) for positive charges to be present in order to attract _______________.

A

phosphate

87
Q

The protein that is composed of an octamer, which is an eight-molecule plus 1.

A

Histone

88
Q

What is the plus 1 in the octamer histone protein?

A

H1 Protein

89
Q

What is the closer of the loop of DNA in histones?

A

H1

90
Q

H1 protein is located at the…

A

periphery

91
Q

Beads on a string, like a rosary that creates a three-dimensional zigzag structure via Histone H1 and other DNA-binding proteins

A

Nucleosome

92
Q

The bead-like structure of nucleosome is composed of how many globular proteins?

A

8 globular proteins

93
Q

Nucleosome becomes a three-dimensional zigzag structure via what structures?

A

H1 Histone and DNA-binding proteins

94
Q

Helper proteins are also called…

A

Anchoring proteins

94
Q

It is the base of the structure that creates a macrostructure that we now see as chromosome

A

Scaffolding proteins

95
Q

True or False: Radial loops is the entire chromosome.

A

False

(just a portion)

96
Q

Made through the compaction of radial loops

A

Helper Proteins

96
Q

This protein acts as a linker that allows the zigzag structure that creates a tighter structure.

A

H1 Protein

97
Q

Wrapped around in histone molecule would be how many nucleotide pairs of DNAs?

A

147

98
Q

Two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication

A

Chromatids

98
Q

Central region of the chromosome

A

Centromere

99
Q

Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked

A

Centromere

100
Q

Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA

A

Centromere

101
Q

Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division

A

Centromere

102
Q

The centromere of the chromosome divides the chromosome into… (2)

A

p arm (Short arm or petite)
q arm (long arm or queues or g = grande)

103
Q

P arm is also known as the…

A

Short Arm or Petite

104
Q

Q Arm is also known as the…

A

Long Arm or Queue

105
Q

Q Arm may also be represented by what letter?

A

G = Grande

106
Q

Organelle located at the centromere region

A

Kinetochore

107
Q

The part of the chromosome that possesses the Microtubule Organizing Center.

A

Kinetochore

108
Q

This facilitates spindle formation.

A

Kinetochore

109
Q

What are the two regions of kinetochores?

A

Inner Kinetochore
Outer Kinetochore

110
Q

The region of the kinetochore which is tightly associated with the centromere DNA.

A

Inner kinetochore

111
Q

The region of the kinetochore which interacts with microtubules.

A

Outer Kinetochore

112
Q

The tip of each chromosome.

A

Telomere

112
Q

The telomere is composed of tandem repeats of hexameric sequence. What is that sequence?

A

‘TTAGGG’

113
Q

The loop of underwoman that would create the structure that allows for the elongation of the telomeric region.

A

Laureat Formation

113
Q

What is the type of sequence (‘TTAGGG’) of the telomere?

A

hexameric

114
Q

True or False: Telomerase has some factor of being a reverse transcription enzyme.

A

True

115
Q

What are the functions of telomeres in preserving chromosome stability? (4)

A

○ Preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosomes
○ Protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation
○ Ensuring complete DNA replication
○ Having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis

116
Q

True or False: Faster loss of telomeres is correlated with a higher risk for mutations and cancer.

A

True

117
Q

Telomeres are correlated with what factors? (5)

A
  • the size of the animal
  • how fast it multiplies its cells
  • faster metabolism
  • lifespan
  • cell cycles (usually small animals)
118
Q

The theory that says cells can multiply for only 60 times due to telomere shortening.

A

Hayflick’s Theory or Model

119
Q

Hayflick’s Theory or Model states that cells can only multiply for how many times due to telomere shortening?

A

60 times

120
Q

What are the types of chromosomes based on the number of centromeres?

A
  • Monocentric
  • Acentric
  • Dicentric
121
Q

This chromosome has a single centromere only; Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells

A

Monocentric

122
Q

What is the only normal kind of chromosome according to number of centromeres?

A

Monocentric

123
Q

The type of chromosome that is genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost.

A

Acentric

124
Q

The chromosome that is not passed from one generation to the other.

A

Acentric

125
Q

The type of chromosome with two centromeres.

A

Dicentric

126
Q

The type of chromosome that is genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion.

A

Dicentric

127
Q

entromere is centrally located in these types of chromosomes.

A

Metacentric

127
Q

What are the types of chromosomes based on centromere position?

A
  • Metacentric
  • Submetacentric
  • Acrocentric
  • Telocentric
128
Q

The type of chromosome with centromere in the middle, yielding arms of roughly equal length.

A

Metacentric

129
Q

The arms of metacentric chromosomes are… (equal or unequal)

A

roughly equal

130
Q

How many metacentric chromosomes does humans have?

A

5 pairs

131
Q

True or False: All of the chromosomes in a karyotype would have a distinguishable q and p arm.

A

False

132
Q

The type of chromosome with an off-center centromere.

A

Submetacentric

133
Q

What arm is longer in the submetacentric chromosome?

A

Q Arm

134
Q

The arms of submetacentric chromosomes are… (equal or unequal)

A

unequal

134
Q

How many pairs of submetacentric chromosomes does humans have?

A

13 pairs

135
Q

True or False: The unequal length of the arms of chromosomes makes it easier to determine the type of arm.

A

True

136
Q

The chromosome with a centromere that is very close to one end.

A

Acrocentric

136
Q

Acro means…

A

peak

137
Q

True or False: Acrocentric chromosomes yield a very small short arm.

A

True

138
Q

Acrosomes are often associated with small pieces of DNA called _____________, encoding ___________.

A

satellites; rRNA

138
Q

The type of chromosome often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA.

A

Acrocentric

139
Q

How many pairs of acrocentric chromosomes does a human have?

A

5 pairs

139
Q

Acrocentric chromosomes also have a p arm region that is extremely small, they are called ___________________ instead.

A

Satellite Regions

140
Q

True or False: Satellites of Acrocentric Chromosomes do not contain important genetic information.

A

False

140
Q

One of their functions is the encoding of rRNA that helps in the overall structure of ribosomes, which are the key in translation.

A

Satellite Regions

141
Q

What creates ribozymes?

A

rRNA
Protein

141
Q

rRNA + protein creates…

A

Ribozymes

142
Q

The Y chromosome is what type of chromosome?

A

Acrocentric

143
Q

What is the shape of a metacentric chromosome?

A

V Shape

144
Q

What is the shape of a submetacentric chromosome?

A

J Shape

145
Q

What is the shape of an acrocentric chromosome?

A

I Shape

146
Q

In this type of chromosome, the centromere is found at the terminal end.

A

Telocentric

146
Q

What is the type of chromosome not found in humans?

A

Telocentric

147
Q

Telocentric chromosomes are mostly found in…

A

plants (weird ploidies—polyploids like in potatoes)

148
Q

What is the symbol for subtelocentric chromosome?

A

St

149
Q

What is the symbol for metacentric chromosome?

A

M/m

150
Q

What is the symbol for submetacentric chromosome?

A

Sm

151
Q

What is the symbol for acrocentric chromosome?

A

T

152
Q

What is the arms length ratio for metacentric chromosomes?

A

1.0-1.6/1.7

152
Q

What is the arms length ratio for subtelocentric chromosomes?

A

3.1-6.9

153
Q

What is the symbol for telocentric chromosome?

A

T

154
Q

What is the arms length ratio for submetacentric chromosomes?

A

3.0

155
Q

What is the arms length ratio for acrocentric chromosomes?

A

7.0

156
Q

What is the arms length ratio for telocentric chromosomes?

A

not applicable

156
Q

The shorter the p arm, the ____________ the number/ratio becomes.

A

bigger

157
Q

An important region of the eukaryotic linear chromosome

A

Telomere

158
Q

Telomere

A

Telomeres

159
Q

This is an enzyme that lengthens the telomeres.

A

Telomerase

160
Q

In mitosis, this ensures that the daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement.

A

Chromosome

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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