QUIZLET Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Carried traits from one generation to the next
A
Mendellian Factors
2
Q
Who is the father of Genetics?
A
Gregor Mendel
3
Q
What did Gregor Mendel use to study the laws of heredity?
A
Pea Plants
3
Q
Gregor Mendel tried to isolate something that was being transferred from one generation to another that shows up as the ________________________ that he has calculated the math for
A
different phenotypes
4
Q
Mendel’s law is true throughout the different discoveries of how genes and traits are passed because he had a ____________________ proof.
A
mathematical
5
Q
True or False: The discovery of the chromosome occurred before Mendel’s discovery about heredity.
A
False
(chromosome discovery - almost two (2) decades after Mendel’s work)
5
Q
Who is the individual that helped elucidate the factors that are being explained by the Mendelian laws?
A
Walther Flemming
5
Q
What was the term Mendel used to describe the thing being carried out from one generation to another?
A
Factors
6
Q
True or False: The majority of the scientists are looking at the center of the eukaryotic cell called the nucleus as the part of the cell where the genetic material is being carried out from one generation to the next.
A
True
7
Q
Recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus
A
Walther Flemming
8
Q
What is the fibrous network within the nucleus called?
A
Chromatin
9
Q
True or False: The chromatin was explored by Flemming in the idea that these are the ones that carries out the Mendelian laws.
A
True
10
Q
Chromatin is also known as…
A
“stainable material”
11
Q
He observed cells in various stages of division and recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division.
A
Walther Flemming
12
Q
He is one of the pioneers of embryology.
A
Theodor Boveri
13
Q
True or False: In the different phases of mitosis, we look at the doubling of the chromosome to become trivalent before they separate again during metaphase as the trivalent goes back to being bivalent and is pulled to different poles after they have been aligned in the equator.
A
False
(Not trivalent, it’s tetravalent)
14
Q
He did not simply look at the nuclei, unlike Walther Flemming and his contemporaries who focused on that.
A
Theodor Boveri
15
Q
Provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations
A
Theodor Boveri
16
Q
Theodor Boveri looked for _________________ changes to form the new offspring from the union of gametes.
A
cytoplasmic changes
17
Q
His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis
A
Theodor Boveri
18
Q
Did not only focus on the mitosis and nuclei but also in the cytoplasmic aspect of meiotic divisions
A
Theodor Boveri
18
Q
Theodor Boveri’s work on _____________ embryo provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis
A
Ascaris
18
Q
He is a parasitologist who looks into the embryo of Ascaris spp.
A
Theodor Boveri
19
Q
Division on meiosis can be described in what levels?
A
- Nuclear Level
- Chromosomal Level
20
How many products does meiosis have in women?
4 (1 mature egg and 3 polar bodies)
21
Among the four products of meiosis in females, one of them becomes a ____________________, while the other three becomes ______________________.
mature egg; polar bodies
22
Confirmed and expanded upon Boveri's observations
Walter Sutton
23
Described the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis (testes of Brachystola magna)
Walter Sutton
24
What did Walter Sutton use in describing the configurations of individual chromosomes in cells at various stages of meiosis?
Brachystola magna
25
What is Brachystola magna?
Grasshopper
26
Who was the scientist focusing on mitosis?
Walther Flemming
26
What is the cornerstone of mitotic and meiotic analysis, as well as the building up of modern genetics and cytogenetics?
Model Animals
27
Who were the scientists focusing on meiosis?
Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
28
The experiments of Flemming, Sutton, and Boveri provided the physical basis of the Mendelian Law of Heredity, which eventually led to the development of what theory?
"Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance"
29
An extension of the dominance principle in heredity is seen in...
Sex Cells
30
Autosomes are involved in what cell process?
Mitosis
31
Where you would see dominant and recessive patterns
Sex-linked Traits
32
This theory states that genes do not affect each other, others chance of being inherited is seen as we divide the chromosome into gametes in meiosis.
Independent Assortment and Segregation
33
Sex chromosomes are involved in what cell process?
Meiosis
34
Experimentally demonstrated Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster - pioneered "Fly Room" experiments
Thomas Hunt Morgan
35
What did Thomas Hunt Morgan use in demonstrating the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? (Scientific name)
Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly)
35
He bred thousands of flies to prove mathematically what sex-linked inheritance is like.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
36
He had combination of traits including eye color, eye shape, wings, wing shape, and etc. using flies (fruit flies), which are easy to breed (they create generations and generations of flies.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
37
He is an American scientist who is also the founding father of modern cytogenetics or genetics in general.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
38
PhD holder working in his own lab at Colombia, USA and had several students who also contributed to the field of Cytogenetics that became noble owners, such as Calvin Bridges and Alfred Sturtevant
Thomas Hunt Morgan
39
Who were the students of Thomas Hunt Morgan? (2)
Calvin Bridges
Alfred Sturtevant
40
She is a professor at FOP that owns a Gestational Diabetes Laboratory and some co-faculties work under her and have completed their PhD during the process.
Dr. Ruth Pineda-Cortel
41
Helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex
Calvin Bridges
42
His important contribution in the field of Cytogenetics is the study of Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis that contributed to the analysis of traits whether they are affected by the number of chromosomes, or known as Haploidy
Calvin Bridges
43
This has a very important role in the aberrations seen in phenotypes that they expressed which are now considered as rare diseases, such as Down Syndrome.
Nondisjunction
44
An abnormal number of a chromosome set, such as the 21st set having three chromosomes caused by non-separation or nondisjunction of chromosomal elements during meiosis.
Aneuploidy
45
One of the lifetime results of aberrations in chromosomal inheritance patterns
Nondisjunction (including Aneuploidies)
46
These are threadlike structures or "colored bodies."
Chromosomes
47
Soma means...
Body
48
Chroma means...
Color
49
Means they are carried in the 44 pairs of bodily chromosomes, in which the last pair is the gametes
Autosomes
50
Chromosomes are made of... (2)
Protein
DNA (a single molecule)
51
Inheritance through the cell's bodies
Autosomal inheritance
52
True or False: Chromosomes are made up of one single DNA molecule that runs several thousands of kilobases.
True
53
Chromosomes run in _____________ pairs of DNA.
kilobase
54
The discovery of chromosomal inheritance which is the main factor present in the chromosome passed on from one generation to the next serving as the basis of modern hereditary concepts was not discovered until the discovery of _______________________.
DNA's double helical structure (by Watson and Crick)
55
True or False: Early experiments, like an experiment on rats to isolate chromosomal DNA as the main factor that Mendel was looking at, occurred even before the Watson and Crick era. However, they were not yet sure about the structure of DNA during the chromosomal analysis of these individuals until the Watson-Crick era.
True
56
In the chromosomal factors studied by Flemming, there were two biomolecules present that are candidates of transmission of genetic material from one cell to the other, which are... (2)
DNA
Protein
56
What are the factors that distinguish one species from another?
Chromosomes
57
The early experiment being the first to prove that it is in fact DNA that is being passed from one generation to the next, and not protein.
R and S Strain
57
As diploid individuals, there are how many DNA strands that make up our individual chromosomes, where the number and sets of genes present in the chromosomes are what distinguishes one species from another?
46
58
The number of stained regions or euchromatin stained, indicates the number of.... (2)
The number of stained regions or euchromatin stained, indicates the number of.... (2)
59
We lack the __________ protein, which is seen in hedgehogs, as the genes present in our chromosomes dictate what proteins are expressed.
Quill
60
As we move towards the molecular side of Genetics, we don't just look at chromosomes and karyotypes now. Instead, we analyze __________________ (2) in the chromosomes that dictate speciation.
microscopic aberrations
molecular changes
60
What would distinguish humans from chimpanzees, even though we have a very close number of chromosomes?
Replication of certain portions of genes having an increased number of genes
61
In the previous years, what was the important facet of staining chromosomes?
Banding patterns of heterochromatin and euchromatin (genetically-transcriptionable areas)
62
What is genetically-transcriptionable, heterochromatin or euchromatin?
Euchromatin
63
The double-helix DNA is wrapped and poled around what proteins to create a chromosome?
Histone proteins
64
The chromosome is tied together in the center or a constriction in the middle, which refers to the...
Centromere
65
True or False: All chromosomes have centromeres.
False
66
What dictates the type of chromosome? (3)
- Presence and absence of centromere
- Quantity of centromere
- Position of centromere
66
The _____________ is when they are a pair of sister chromatids tied together at the centromere and where microtubules attach and divide.
Rule of Centromere
67
Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next
Chromosome
68
In this process, sister chromatids contain the same information in one cell.
Mitosis
69
The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell from one generation to the other.
Ploidy
70
True or False: Changes in the number of chromosomes from one generation to the other spells out consequences prominent in cancer patients where chromosomal aberrations occur in the products of mitosis because of the rapid and uncontrolled cell division in the tumor.
True
71
In meiosis, this enables each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes.
Chromosomes
72
In meiosis, chromosomes go from 2n _______________ to n ______________.
diploid --> haploid
73
Genetic Recombination is seen in what stages of Meiosis?
Prophase I
73
Chromosomes in meiosis encapsulates the idea of what theory?
Law of Independent Assortment and Segregation
73
These are the chromosomes that are constant in the body.
Autosomes
73
Mitochondrial DNA are attributed to _____________________ such as MELAS.
extra-chromosomal DNA
73
True or False: Meiosis recombination confound in these phases create new genetically different individuals from their parents that improve our immune system and survive diseases that our parents cannot.
True
73
How many autosomes do humans have?
44 chromosomes
73
These are the other DNA materials found in mitochondria.
Extra-chromosomal DNA
73
How many sex chromosomes do humans have?
2 chromosomes
73
We only get from our mothers
Matrilineal
73
Diseases develop through _________________ and __________________ in the mitochondrial DNA
heteroplasmy; mosaicism
74
These are the regions at the end of linear chromosomes (eukaryotes).
Telomeres
74
Each cell contains how many pairs of human chromosomes?
23 chromosomes
74
What is the molecule of life?
DNA
74
The part of the chromosome that plays a role in attaching cells to nucleolus during meiosis.
Telomeres
74
Each cell contains how many human chromosomes?
46 chromosomes
74
Approximately how many genes code for proteins that perform most life functions?
20,000 to 25,000
74
Approximately how many DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes containing the bases A, T, G and C are there?
3 billion
74
Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids
Metaphase Chromosome
74
Describe the Metaphase Chromosomes. (2)
Replicated
Condensed
75
What is the most condensed form of the chromosome?
Metaphase Chromosome
75
What is the most studied chromosome because this is the most condensed form?
Metaphase Chromosome
75
What part of the chromosome becomes prominent in the metaphase plate?
Centromere
75
True or False: Telomeres are found in circular chromosomes (prokaryotes)
False
75
Linear Chromosomes are found in what organisms?
Eukaryotes
75
Circular chromosomes are found in what organisms?
Prokaryotes
76
Protect the chromosomes from being destroyed at the tips; Genetic information at the end might still be helpful for the process of life
telomeres
76
The part of the chromosome that helps in the maintenance of information encoded in the DNA.
Telomeres
77
True or False: Telomere protects the loss of genetic information and helps in non-development of tumors.
True
78
Enzyme the synthesized the telomere ensures that the information until the very end of the chromosome remains
Telomerase
79
True or False: Karyotyping is important in chromosome arrangement.
True
79
The pairing in karyotyping is arranged according to...
Size
80
What is the biggest chromosome?
X Chromosome
81
What is the smallest chromosome?
Y Chromosome
82
DNA is wound around histones to form __________________. These are organized into __________________, which in turn make up the ___________________.
nucleosomes; solenoids; chromatin loops
83
This protein is rich in basic amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) for positive charges to be present in order to attract phosphate.
Histones
84
Histones are rich in what basic amino acids? (2)
Arginine and Lysine
85
Arginine and Lysine are what types of amino acids?
Basic
86
Histone protein is rich in basic amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) for positive charges to be present in order to attract _______________.
phosphate
87
The protein that is composed of an octamer, which is an eight-molecule plus 1.
Histone
88
What is the plus 1 in the octamer histone protein?
H1 Protein
89
What is the closer of the loop of DNA in histones?
H1
90
H1 protein is located at the...
periphery
91
Beads on a string, like a rosary that creates a three-dimensional zigzag structure via Histone H1 and other DNA-binding proteins
Nucleosome
92
The bead-like structure of nucleosome is composed of how many globular proteins?
8 globular proteins
93
Nucleosome becomes a three-dimensional zigzag structure via what structures?
H1 Histone and DNA-binding proteins
94
Helper proteins are also called...
Anchoring proteins
94
It is the base of the structure that creates a macrostructure that we now see as chromosome
Scaffolding proteins
95
True or False: Radial loops is the entire chromosome.
False
(just a portion)
96
Made through the compaction of radial loops
Helper Proteins
96
This protein acts as a linker that allows the zigzag structure that creates a tighter structure.
H1 Protein
97
Wrapped around in histone molecule would be how many nucleotide pairs of DNAs?
147
98
Two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication
Chromatids
98
Central region of the chromosome
Centromere
99
Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked
Centromere
100
Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA
Centromere
101
Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division
Centromere
102
The centromere of the chromosome divides the chromosome into... (2)
p arm (Short arm or petite)
q arm (long arm or queues or g = grande)
103
P arm is also known as the...
Short Arm or Petite
104
Q Arm is also known as the...
Long Arm or Queue
105
Q Arm may also be represented by what letter?
G = Grande
106
Organelle located at the centromere region
Kinetochore
107
The part of the chromosome that possesses the Microtubule Organizing Center.
Kinetochore
108
This facilitates spindle formation.
Kinetochore
109
What are the two regions of kinetochores?
Inner Kinetochore
Outer Kinetochore
110
The region of the kinetochore which is tightly associated with the centromere DNA.
Inner kinetochore
111
The region of the kinetochore which interacts with microtubules.
Outer Kinetochore
112
The tip of each chromosome.
Telomere
112
The telomere is composed of tandem repeats of hexameric sequence. What is that sequence?
'TTAGGG'
113
The loop of underwoman that would create the structure that allows for the elongation of the telomeric region.
Laureat Formation
113
What is the type of sequence ('TTAGGG') of the telomere?
hexameric
114
True or False: Telomerase has some factor of being a reverse transcription enzyme.
True
115
What are the functions of telomeres in preserving chromosome stability? (4)
○ Preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosomes
○ Protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation
○ Ensuring complete DNA replication
○ Having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis
116
True or False: Faster loss of telomeres is correlated with a higher risk for mutations and cancer.
True
117
Telomeres are correlated with what factors? (5)
- the size of the animal
- how fast it multiplies its cells
- faster metabolism
- lifespan
- cell cycles (usually small animals)
118
The theory that says cells can multiply for only 60 times due to telomere shortening.
Hayflick's Theory or Model
119
Hayflick's Theory or Model states that cells can only multiply for how many times due to telomere shortening?
60 times
120
What are the types of chromosomes based on the number of centromeres?
- Monocentric
- Acentric
- Dicentric
121
This chromosome has a single centromere only; Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells
Monocentric
122
What is the only normal kind of chromosome according to number of centromeres?
Monocentric
123
The type of chromosome that is genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost.
Acentric
124
The chromosome that is not passed from one generation to the other.
Acentric
125
The type of chromosome with two centromeres.
Dicentric
126
The type of chromosome that is genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion.
Dicentric
127
entromere is centrally located in these types of chromosomes.
Metacentric
127
What are the types of chromosomes based on centromere position?
- Metacentric
- Submetacentric
- Acrocentric
- Telocentric
128
The type of chromosome with centromere in the middle, yielding arms of roughly equal length.
Metacentric
129
The arms of metacentric chromosomes are... (equal or unequal)
roughly equal
130
How many metacentric chromosomes does humans have?
5 pairs
131
True or False: All of the chromosomes in a karyotype would have a distinguishable q and p arm.
False
132
The type of chromosome with an off-center centromere.
Submetacentric
133
What arm is longer in the submetacentric chromosome?
Q Arm
134
The arms of submetacentric chromosomes are... (equal or unequal)
unequal
134
How many pairs of submetacentric chromosomes does humans have?
13 pairs
135
True or False: The unequal length of the arms of chromosomes makes it easier to determine the type of arm.
True
136
The chromosome with a centromere that is very close to one end.
Acrocentric
136
Acro means...
peak
137
True or False: Acrocentric chromosomes yield a very small short arm.
True
138
Acrosomes are often associated with small pieces of DNA called _____________, encoding ___________.
satellites; rRNA
138
The type of chromosome often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA.
Acrocentric
139
How many pairs of acrocentric chromosomes does a human have?
5 pairs
139
Acrocentric chromosomes also have a p arm region that is extremely small, they are called ___________________ instead.
Satellite Regions
140
True or False: Satellites of Acrocentric Chromosomes do not contain important genetic information.
False
140
One of their functions is the encoding of rRNA that helps in the overall structure of ribosomes, which are the key in translation.
Satellite Regions
141
What creates ribozymes?
rRNA
Protein
141
rRNA + protein creates...
Ribozymes
142
The Y chromosome is what type of chromosome?
Acrocentric
143
What is the shape of a metacentric chromosome?
V Shape
144
What is the shape of a submetacentric chromosome?
J Shape
145
What is the shape of an acrocentric chromosome?
I Shape
146
In this type of chromosome, the centromere is found at the terminal end.
Telocentric
146
What is the type of chromosome not found in humans?
Telocentric
147
Telocentric chromosomes are mostly found in...
plants (weird ploidies—polyploids like in potatoes)
148
What is the symbol for subtelocentric chromosome?
St
149
What is the symbol for metacentric chromosome?
M/m
150
What is the symbol for submetacentric chromosome?
Sm
151
What is the symbol for acrocentric chromosome?
T
152
What is the arms length ratio for metacentric chromosomes?
1.0-1.6/1.7
152
What is the arms length ratio for subtelocentric chromosomes?
3.1-6.9
153
What is the symbol for telocentric chromosome?
T
154
What is the arms length ratio for submetacentric chromosomes?
3.0
155
What is the arms length ratio for acrocentric chromosomes?
7.0
156
What is the arms length ratio for telocentric chromosomes?
not applicable
156
The shorter the p arm, the ____________ the number/ratio becomes.
bigger
157
An important region of the eukaryotic linear chromosome
Telomere
158
Telomere
Telomeres
159
This is an enzyme that lengthens the telomeres.
Telomerase
160
In mitosis, this ensures that the daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement.
Chromosome
