Unit 2: Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Question 1

The genes responsible for the traits that Mendel studied in pea plants were
on different chromosomes.

Answer 1

Linkage

Question 2

When genes are close to each other on the same chromosome, they
usually do not segregate at random during meiosis and therefore their
expression does not support Mendel’s predictions.

Instead, genes close on a chromosome are packaged into the same gametes and are said to be “linked”

Answer 2

Linkage

Question 3

in genetics refers to the transmission of genes on the same chromosome.

Answer 3

Linkage

Question 4

idk ano meron pero pls remeber:

William ______ and R. C. ______

Answer 4

William Bateson and R. C. Punnett

Question 4

This do not assort independently and do not produce Mendelian ratios for crosses tracking two or more genes.

Answer 4

Linkage

Question 5

Thomas Morgan’s Research

Morgan identified more than ____ genes on Drosphila’s 4 pairs of chromosomes

He discovered that many seemed to be “linked” together
- They are almost always inherited together & only rarelt become seperated
- - GRouped genes into 4 linkage groups

Answer 5

50 genes

Groupes genes into 4 linkage groups

Question 6

History of linkage mapping

Linkage maps were first developed by whom?

student of Thomus Hunt Morgan

Linkage mapp is a map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossover of homologous chromosome

Answer 6

Alfred Sturtevant

Question 7

It is a map of the genes on a chromosome based on linkage analysis.

This does not show the physcial distance betweengenes but rather their relative position, as determined by how after two Gene loci are inherited together

Answer 7

Linkage mapping

Question 8

Genetic maps derived from percent recombination between linked genes accurately reflect the order of the genes on the chromosome, but the distances are estimates because crossing over is not equally likely across the genome.

Answer 8

Linkage Disequilibrium

Question 9

Some DNA sequences are nearly always inherited together, like two inseparable
friends. This nonrandom association between DNA sequences is called

Answer 9

linkage
disequilibrium (LD).

Question 10

The human genome consists of many LD blocks, where stretches of alleles stick
together, interspersed with areas where crossing over is prevalent. LD blocks, called
____________, could be used to track genes in populations.

Answer 10

haplotypes

Question 11

Greek name of haplotype

Answer 11

Haploos = simple

Question 12

It is a combination of alleles at multiple linked loci that are transmitted together

May prefer as two loci or to an entire chromosome depending on the number of recombination events that have occured between a given set of loci..

Answer 12

Haplotype

Question 13

The term haplotype is a portmanteau of __________

Answer 13

Haploid genotype

Question 14

Set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a single chromatid that are statistically associated. It is thought that these associations, and the identification of a few alleles of a _______ block, can unambiguosly identify all other polymorphic sites in its region

Answer 14

Haplotype

Question 15

Such information is very valuable for investigating the genetics behind common diseases, and is collected by the IHP (what does it mean?)

Answer 15

International HaMap Project

Question 16

Sex determination in humans

An oocyte has a single X chromosome. A sperm cell has either an X or a Y chromosome. If a Y-bearing sperm cell with a functional SRY gene fertilizes an oocyte, then the zygotes is a ________(male/female)

Answer 16

Male (XY)

Question 17

Sex determination in humans

If a X-bearing sperm cell fertilizes an oocyte, then the zygotes is a ________(male/female)

Answer 17

Female (XX)

Question 18

‘It’ extensively controls physical, psychological, and behavioral traits which are also influenced by genetic information.

Answer 18

Sex-linked traits

Question 19

Sex-linked Traits

Sex-related genetics may be categorized by how sex affects
phenotypic traits, including sex itself as a trait (i.e., sex determination), sex-____ trait, sex-_____ trait, and
sex-_____ trait.

Answer 19

sex-linked trait
sex-limited trait
sex-influenced trait.

Question 20

Males with translocation of the gene can have chromosomes of ______.

Answer 20

XX

Question 21

Females with mutation of the gene can have chromosomes of _____.

Answer 21

XY

Question 22

Genes on the Y chromosome are ______ and genes on the X chromosome are ______.

Answer 22

Y-linked;
X-linked

Question 23

___-linked traits are rare because the chromosome has few genes, and many of its genes have counterparts on the X chromosome.
a. Y-linked
b. X-linked

Answer 23

Y-linked

Question 24

___-linked traits are passed from male to male, because a female does not have a
chromosome.

X or Y

Answer 24

Y

Question 24

T/F: No other Y-linked traits besides infertility (which obviously can’t be passed on) are yet
clearly defined.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Some traits at first attributed to the Y chromosome are actually due to genes that have been inserted into that chromosome from other chromosomes, such as a _______ gene.

deafness/blindess

Answer 25

deafness

Question 26

ANatomy of the Y chromosomes

Y chromosome has 2 pseudoautosomal regions

Answer 26

PAR1
PAR2

Question 27

Anatomy of the Y chromosomes

it determines male sex

Answer 27

SRY

Question 27

Anatomy of the Y chromosomes

A large central area that comprises about 95% of the chromosone and has only 22 genes

Answer 27

MSY (Male-specific region)

Question 28

Anatomy of the Y chromosomes

It encodes a protein essential to producing sperm; mutations in it cause infertility

Answer 28

AZF - Azoospermia factor

Question 29

Sex-linked traits are more likely X-linked

In males, however, a single copy of an X-linked allele causes expression of the trait or illness
because there is no copy of the gene on a second X chromosome to mask the effect. A man inherits an X-linked trait only from his ________ (father/mother)

Answer 29

Mother

Question 30

The human male is considered ________ for X-linked traits, because he has only one set of X-linked genes.

Answer 30

hemizygous

Question 31

Always expressed in the male

a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 31

a

Question 32

Expressed in a female homozygote and vert rarely in a female heterozygote
a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 32

a

Question 33

Affected male inherits trait from heterozygote or homozygote mother
a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 33

a

Question 34

Affected female inherits trait from affacted father and affected or heterozygote mother
a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 34

A

Question 35

Expressed in females in one copy
a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 35

b

Question 35

traits that is due to genes on autosomes, and the expression of these traits are limited so that normally only one sex is affected.

An example of this is with lactation. In females, the mammary glands mature during puberty due to hormones. Then, during pregnancy, different genes involved in lactation become activated. In males, the mammary glands normally don’t mature because males don’t produce the right hormones. So, even though they contain the right genes for lactation, males don’t normally lactate.

Answer 35

Sex-limited traits

Question 36

Much more severe effects in males
a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 36

b

Question 37

Passed from male to all daugthers but to no sons

a. X-linked Recessive Trait
b. X-linked Dominant Trait

Answer 37

b

Question 37

High rates of miscarriage due to early lethality in males

Answer 37

b

Question 38

The X-linked recessive trait, the
blood-clotting disease hemophilia B is
also known as __________ and
factor IX (“FIX”) deficiency.

Answer 38

Christmas disease

Question 39

Syndrome that is rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Cannot speak, use her hands, walk, eat, or breathe easily

1 in 10,000 female babies affected

Longevity well into adulthood
No FDA approved treatments

Answer 39

Rett Syndrome

Question 39

Hemophilia B

This X-linked recessive disease susually passes from a heterozygous woman (designated XhXh, where h is the hemophilia-causing allele) to heterozygous daugtheror hemizygous sons. The father has normal blood clotting.

Basahin mo lang

Question 40

Affects a structure or function of the body that is present in only males or females.

The gene for such a trait may be autosomal

Answer 40

Sex-limited trait

Question 41

Although an inherited disease that causes symptoms associated with pregnancy is
obviously sex-limited, the male genome may play a role by contributing to the development
of supportive structures, such as the _______.

Answer 41

placenta

Question 42

It is a sudden rise in blood pressure late in pregnancy. It kills 50,000 women
worldwide each year. A study of 1.7 million pregnancies in Norway found that if a man’s
first wife had preeclampsia, his second wife had double the risk of developing it.

Answer 42

Preeclampsia

Another study found that women whose mothers- in-law developed preeclampsia when pregnant with the women’s husbands had twice the rate of developing the condition themselves. Perhaps a gene from the father affects the placenta in a way that elevates the pregnant woman’s blood pressure.

Question 43

Traits that may be expressed in both sexes but occurs more frequently on one sex

Answer 43

Sex-influenced traits

Question 44

are autosomal traits that are influenced by
sex. If a male has one recessive allele, he will show that trait, but it will take two recessive for the female to show that same trait. One such gene is baldness.

one recessive allele sa male ay magpapakita na
two recessive allele naman para magpakita sa female

Answer 44

Sex-influenced traits