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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > Unit 3.1: The Cell > Flashcards

Unit 3.1: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

It is the phospholipid bilayer

A

Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail in two layers

A

Cell Membrane

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3
Q

In the cell membrane, which is the outer portion? hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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4
Q

Cell membrane is based on the fluid-mosaic model, what is the core of the membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer

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5
Q

Cell membrane also contains (3) _____, ______, ______.

A

Cholesterol, Cardiolipin, Sphingomyelin

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6
Q

Cell membrane also contains carbohydrates known as _______ and _______.

A

Oligosaccharides; membrane proteins

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7
Q

These are the integral proteins

A

Membrane proteins

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8
Q

These are the Lipid-anchored proteins

A

Membrane Proteins

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9
Q

These are the Peripheral Proteins

A

Membrane Proteins

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10
Q

Membrane Proteins are defined as (3 Proteins)

A

Integral, Lipid-anchored, Peripheral

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11
Q

Several Organelles are found in the ______.

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

the presence and abundance of the different organelles varies between different _____ and different _____.

A

tissues; organisms.

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13
Q

Organelles are suspended in a fluid-filled region called the _____.

A

cytosol

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14
Q

This part of the cell is suspended in a fluid-filled region called the cytosol

A

Organelles

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15
Q

This is a non-membrane bound organelles that are responsible for the synthesis of protein

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Part of teh cell that is made up of small sub-unit (40 S) and large sub-unit (60 S) for eukaryotes

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Where do Ribosomes synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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18
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosome has how many subunit?

A

50S large subunit, 30S small subunit

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosome has how many subunit?

A

60S large subunit, 40S small subunit

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20
Q

What is “S”?

A

Svedberg

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21
Q

Ultracentrifugation was developed in the 1920s by whom?

A

Theodor Svedberg

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22
Q

This part of the cell may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum specifically
called rough endoplasmic reticulum or may be free floating in the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

T/F: Ribosomes can also be attached to the perinuclear membrane

A

TRUE

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24
Q

RIbosomes can also be attached to what?

A

Perinuclear Membrane

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25
Q

This part of the cell is a double membrane-bound organelle

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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26
Q

This part of the cell appear as folded layers that seems to be connected to the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough and Smooth

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28
Q

RER/SER: This is responsible for protein synthesis because of the ribosomes
embedded in this membrane.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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29
Q

RER/SER: This double membrane folded in layers is called in such a way because
of the absence of the ribosome in its membrane. This is responsible for
glucose and lipid synthesis.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

RER/SER: This membrane is situated very near the nuclear membrane for the translation to occur.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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31
Q

RER/SER: This is responsible for glucose and lipid synthesis.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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32
Q

Part of the cell whch network of smooth membranes consisting of flattened, disc-like
cisternae with dilated rims and associated vesicles and tubules

A

Golgi Body

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33
Q

Part of the cell where the newly synthesized protein is processed and modified

A

Golgi Body

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34
Q

Part of the cell that provides energy to the cell by producing ATPs in a process called cellular respiration

A

Mitochondrion

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35
Q

Part of the cell that contains several enzymes and proteins embedded in its inner membrane called cristae

A

Mitochondrion

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36
Q

It is a theory that attempts to explain the origin of the organelles – mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

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37
Q

The two strands of the human mitochondrial DNA are distinguished as the ______ and ______.

A

heavy strand and the light strand

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38
Q

The heavy strand is rich in _______ and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, 2 robosomal RNAs (12S and 16A), and 14 transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

A

guanine

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39
Q

The heavy strand encodes how many subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system?

A

12 subunits

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40
Q

The heavy strands encodes how many ribosomal RNAs? (__S and __S)

A

2 Ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S)

41
Q

The heavy strands encodes how many transfer RNAs? (tRNAs)?

A

14 transfer RNA

42
Q

The light strand encodes how many subunit?

A

1 subunit

43
Q

The light strand encodes how many tRNAs?

A

8 tRNAs

44
Q

When the two strands (heavy and light) of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
are combined, it encodes how many rRNAs, tRNAs, and protein subunits?

A

2 rRNAs, 22tRNAs, 13 Protein subunits which are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation process

45
Q

Part of the cell that is a type of plastid which is found in plant cell

A

Chloroplast

46
Q

Part of the cell that contains chlorophyll located at the thylakoid membrane

A

Chloroplast

47
Q

Chloroplast contains _____.

A

Chlorophyll

48
Q

Chloroplast contains clorophyll that is located at _______ membrane.

A

Thylakoid

49
Q

Chloroplast: thylakoids are stacked together to form ______ (plural grana) suspended in stroma

A

granum

50
Q

Chloroplast: Granum is suspended in ______.

A

stroma

51
Q

Part of the cell that is responsible for the process called photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

52
Q

Part of the cell that is a complex structure that contains s two barrelshaped centrioles surrounded by amorphous, electron dense pericentriolar material (PCM).

A

Centrosome

53
Q

Centrosome is surrounded by amorphous, electron _______ (PCM).

A

Pericentriolar Material

54
Q

Part of the cell that is a single membrane-bound organelle

A

Vacuole

55
Q

Part of the animal cells that is generally small and help sequester waste products

A

VAcuole

56
Q

Part of the plant cell that is a fluid filled structure that is made up mostly of water

A

Vacuole

57
Q

Part of the celll that is an elaborate interactive network composed of three well defined filamentous structures – microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q

Part of the cell that provide structural support and internal framework responsible for positioning various organelles within the interior of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

59
Q

Part of the cell the provides movement of materials and organelles in the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

60
Q

Cytoskeleton: _______ are found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces.

A

Microtubules

61
Q

Cytoskeleton: This thickens the cortex around the inner edge of a cell; they resist tension

A

Microfilaments

62
Q

Cytoskeleton: _________ are found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place

A

Intermediate filaments

63
Q

Part of the cell that is also known as microbodies

A

Peroxisomes

64
Q

Part of the cell that is membrane bound, multi-functional organelles that carry out a diverse metabolic reactions including substrate oxidation leading to formation of hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

65
Q

Part of the cell that is membrane-bounded organelle, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which contains digestive enzymes.

A

Lysosome

66
Q

Part of the cell that acts as the “garbage disposal” of the cell by breaking down cell components that are no longer needed as well as molecules or even bacteria that are ingested by the cell.

A

Lysosome

67
Q

Part of the cell that is an organelle containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases).

A

Lysosome

68
Q

Part of the cell that are found in animal cells, while in plant cells the same roles are perform by the vacuole

A

Lysosome

69
Q

The name Lysosome derives from the Greek word ______ which means dissolution or destruction, and ______, which means body

A

Lysis; Soma

70
Q

This part of the cell are frequently nicknames “suicide-bags” or “suicide-sacs” by cell biologists due to their role in autolysis.

A

Lysosome

71
Q

Lysosome were discovered by the Belgian cytologist _________ in 1955.

A

Christian de Duve

72
Q

What are the 5 Lysosomal Enzymes?

A

Phosphate ester, Nucleases, Protein digesting enzymes, Carbohydrate digesting enzymes and Lipid digesting enzymes

73
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes that is an acid phosphate

A

Phosphate Esters

74
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes that is has DNase, RNase

A

Nucleases

75
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes that has collagenase, cathepsins, and other proteases.

A

Protein digesting enzymes

76
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes that has B-glucosidase, hexosaminidase A, a-mannosidase, a-fucosidase, sialidase, etc

A

Carbohydrate digesting enzymes

77
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes that has sphingomyelinase, esterases

A

Lysosomal Enzymes

78
Q

Part of the cell that is the command center of the cell because it commands the cellular activity of the entire cell

A

Nucleus

79
Q

Part of the cell that is made up of: Nuclear membrane, Chromosomes, and Nucleolus

A

Nucleus

80
Q

Nucles is made up of : (3) _____, _____, _____.

A

Nuclear membrane, Chromosomes, Nucleolus

81
Q

Nuclear membrane: Nuclear envelope is made up of two layers of membrane: an _______ and ______.

A

outer membrane and an inner membrane

82
Q

Nuclear membrane: Each of these membranes contains two layers of ________, arranged with their tails pointing inward

A

phospholipids

83
Q

Part of the cell that contains nuclear pores for easy transport of materials such as mRNA to the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear membrane

84
Q

Nuclear Pore: Exchange of materials between _____ and _____.

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

85
Q

Nuclear Pore: Active/Passive Diffusion of low molecular weight solutes

A

Passive

86
Q

Part of the cell that is an efficient passage through the complex requires several proteins factors

A

Nuclear Pores

87
Q

Part of the cell that are threadlike strands of nuclear DNA with proteins called histones

A

Chromosome

88
Q

Chromosome are threadlike strands of nuclear DNA with proteins called _____.

A

Histones

89
Q

Part of the cell that is a carrier of genetic materials that occur by pairs (with homologous _____)

A

Chromosome

90
Q

In mitosis, this part of the cell condensed from chromatin to meta-chromosome becoming more visible under the light microscope

A

Chromosome

91
Q

Part of the cell that is found inside the nucleus suspended in nucleoplasm

A

Nucleolus

92
Q

Nucleolus is found inside the nucleus suspended in ______.

A

Nucleoplasm

93
Q

Part of the cell that is an irregular-shaped nuclear structures that function as ribosome-producing organelle

A

Nucleolus

94
Q

Part of the cell that is more prominent during interphase stage

A

nucleolus

95
Q

Nucleolus is more prominent in what stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

96
Q

Part of the cell that is a rigid structure found in plants

A

Cell Wall

97
Q

Part of the cell that provides support and protection for the cell it surrounds

A

Cell wall

98
Q

Part of the cell that contains pectin, glycan and cellulose microfibrils

A

Cell Wall

99
Q

Part of the cell that expands from primary cell wall to middle lamella

A

Cell Wall

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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