04 Chromosome Structure Flashcards
triage18
threadlike structures
chromosome
“colored bodies”
chromosome
chroma
color
soma
body
made of protein and a single molecule of DNA
chromosome
enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next
chromosome
in __________, chromosomes enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes
meiosis
factors that distinguish one species from another
chromosome
in __________, chromosomes ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement
mitosis
in mitosis, chromosomes ensure daughter cell _________ its own complete genetic _________
retains
complement
in meiosis, chromosomes enable each _________ ovum and sperm to contain a _________ single set of ____________
mature
unique
parental genes
how many autosomes do humans have?
44
other DNA materials found in the mitochondria
extra-chromosomal dna
how many sex chromosomes do humans have?
2
replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids
metaphase chromosome
central region of a chromosome
centromere
metaphase chromosomes are often chosen for ___________ and for ___________ because they are readily seen
karyotyping
chromosome analysis
two identical strands which are the result of DNA
chromatids
consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA
centromere
designated as p (petite)
short arm
responsible for chromosome movement at cell division
centromere
divides the chromosome into short and long arm
centromere
primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked
centromere
queues in french means ___________
tails
organelle located at the centromere region
kinetochore
microtubule organizing center
kinetochore
designated as q (queues or g as in grande)
long arm
facilitates ___________ by ___________ of tubulin dimers to form __________ early in __________
spindle formation
polymerization
microtubules
mitosis
facilitates spindle formation
kinetochore
enumerate the basis of chromosome types _
(1) number of centromeres
(2) centromere position
(3) arms ratio
tandem repeats of the hexameric sequence ‘TTAGGG’
telomere
enumerate the functions of the telomere in preserving chromosome stability
(1) preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosomes
(2) protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation
(3) ensuring complete DNA replication
(4) having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis
enumerate the types of chromosomes based on number of chromosomes
(1) monocentric
(2) acentric
(3) dicentric
tip of each chromosome
telomere
reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells
monocentric
single centromere
monocentric
genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion
dicentric
lacks centromere
acentric
genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost
acentric
middle; yielding arms of roughly equal length
metacentric
two centromeres
dicentric
often referred to as “fragment of chromosome”
acentric
enumerate the types of chromosomes based on centromere position
(1) metacentric
(2) submetacentric
(3) acrocentric
(4) telocentric
unusual length of chromosome arms
submetacentric
centromere is centrally located
metacentric
off-center chromosome
submetacentric
q arm is longer
submetacentric
______ pairs of metacentric chromosomes in humans
5
very close to one end
acrocentric
often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA
acrocentric
______ pairs of acrocentric chromosomes in humans
5
yielding a small short arm
acrocentric
acro means ________
peak
forms V shape at anaphase
metacentric
forms I shape at anaphase
acrocentric
centromere at the terminal end
Telocentric
not found in humans
telocentric
forms J shape at anaphase
submetacentric
chromosome type is determined from the __________ of p and q arms
ratio
in ___________, Levan et al established chromosome types based on arms ratio
1964
