QUIZLET Unit 1.0: Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
Cytogenetic studies the number and morphology of chromosomes using what techniques?
Classical Cytogenetics (Chromosome Banding Techniques)
Molecular Cytogenetics (Hybridization Fluorescent Labeled Probes)
A circular group of proteins that always accompanies the DNA
Histones
This is a double helical structure that must be stored properly so that the genes may be used to translate the proteins appropriately
DNA
How is the DNA Organized? (6)
DNA –> Nucleosomes –> Solenoids –> Chromatin Loop –> Chromosome Territory –> Metaphase Chromosome
What are the three main stages in the Cytogenetics Development?
A. Cell Discovery
B. Chromosome Structure and Components Discovery
C. Human Cytogenetics Emergence
He first discovered chromosomes in pollen (premature form of pollens)
Karl Nageli
Chromosomes were initially known as…
Transitory Cytoblasts
When did Karl Nageli discover chromosomes in pollen?
1842
He introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division.
Walther Flemming
This is a dye derived from coal tar and is a poisonous/toxic substance. Now mostly used as a precursor for the synthesis of other organic compounds.
Aniline
When did Walther Flemming discover more about the chromosomes in the cell division?
1870
Who coined the term chromosome after staining techniques had been developed?
Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer
Chroma means….
Color
When did Waldeyer coin the term chromosome?
1888
He derived an estimate of 48 chromosome using images of nuclei reconstructed from thin sections of unit human testicular tissue embedded in paraffin and stained with iodine (and) hematoxylin.
Theophilus Painter
When did painter derive the number of chromosomes?
1923
What is the normal number of chromosome?
46 chromosomes
What substance was used to arrest cells in the metaphase stage of mitosis?
Colchines (used for gout)
When did Cytogenetic Technique Improvements occur?
1950
Who showed that the human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (which is the actual and normal amount)?
Tijo and Levan
When did Tijo and Levan discover that there are 23 pairs of chromosomes?
1956
Devised the peripheral leukocytes culture method
Moorehead et al.
When was the peripheral leukocytes culture method discovered?
1960
What are the two discovered “paired factors” and chromosome theory of heredity?
Mendel’s Laws
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritory
The chromosomal theory that states that “paired factors” are inherited, segregated during gamete formation, and independently sorted.
Mendel’s Law
The chromosomal theory that states that chromosomes occur in pairs and are inherited from parents (maternal & parental chromosome), segregated in gamete formation (haploid), and are segregated independently.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Who and when was the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance discovered?
Sutton & Boveri, 1902
Where were polytene chromosomes first discovered?
Insects
What chromosomal inheritance law describes the presence of red and white flowers?
Mendel’s Law
Who and when was the Mendel’s Law discovered?
Mendel, 1865
Who and when were polytene chromosomes discovered?
Balbiani, 1881
What chromosomal inheritance law describes the presence of pink flowers?
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Who made the 1st genetic linkage maps from fruit fly?
Morgan
Sturtevant
Bridges
Muller
Unique compared to humans because supposedly, it should be bind, instead they are stacking on top of one another. It occurs in insects.
Polytene Chromosomes
This is a transduction (type of gene transfer) experiment
Blender Experiment
Who pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920?
Cyril Darlington
When was it ascertained that the genetic material is a DNA and not a protein?
1944
Who came up with the blender experiment?
Hershey-Chase
This utilized two microorganisms (bacteriophage as the predator and bacterium as the prey) to prove that DNA is the genetic material
Blender Experiment
This is the life cycle done by the predator in attacking its prey. Specifically, this is achieved by injecting genetic material into the host to create new viruses inside, thereby destroying the bacterium.
Lytic Cycle
What are the two life cycles of a bacteriophage when infecting its prey?
Lytic
Lysogenic
In Hershey and Chase’s experiment, in which part of the test tube was the DNA seen?
Sediment
The process wherein the bacteriophage injects its genetic material and stores it there for a period of time-synthesizing viral proteins (bacterium gets to live for another day).
Lysogenic Cycle
Who conducted the Transformation Experiment?
Frederick Griffith
In the Hersey and Chase experiment, where was the bacteriophage supposed to be found?
Supernatant
Who tried to prove that the genetic material is DNA first?
Frederick Griffith
Who was successful in proving that the genetic material is DNA?
Hershey and Chase
What was the organism used in Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
This is the strain that does not contain any capsule and can easily be destroyed by macrophages. Thus, no disease will be caused.
R Strain
The strain that contains capsule. Macrophages will not be able to detect, thereby causing a disease.
S Strain
Who discovered the amount of nitrogen base in chromosomes?
Chargaff
Who discovered the double-helical structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
The rule that states that if a eukaryote has an abstract of DNA, there is an equal ratio of adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine.
Chargaff’s Rule
He proved the presence of mRNA or messenger RNA.
Crick
What disease is characterized by Trisomy 21?
Down Syndrome
What disease is characterized by Trisomy 47 XXY?
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
What disease is characterized by Trisomy 45X?
Turner’s Syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Patau Syndrome
What disease is characterized by Trisomy 18?
Edward Sydrome
Philadelphia chromosome is found in who?
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients
True or False: The cells cultured in the amniotic fluid could be used to determine the chromosome content of the fetus.
True
True or False: By default, everyone is male.
False
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Female, Normal
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Male, Down Syndrome (Trisonomy 21
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Female, Turner Syndrome (45X0)
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Male, Klinefelter Syndrome (47XXY)
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Female, Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Male, Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
What life cycle did Hershey and Chase use in their experiment?
Lysogenic
What is the gender and condition of the karyotype?
Philadelphia Chromosome
Used as a drug, but in cytogenetics to arrest development
Colchines
