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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > Unit 2.1: DNA Replication > Flashcards

Unit 2.1: DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps in the central dogma of life?

A
  1. Replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
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2
Q

In this stage, cells prepare to divide and grow.

A

DNA Replication

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3
Q

True or False: When DNA is replicated, it is replicated in all of its entirety.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: Neurons can divide.

A

False

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4
Q

What is the AT and GC that makes up the cell.

A

Genome

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5
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur?

a. G1 Phase
b. G2 Phase
c. S Phase
d. M Phase

A

c. S Phase

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6
Q

This refers to the phenomenon wherein the parent strand will be retained while a new strand is created.

A

Semi-conservative

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7
Q

DNA Polymerase acts on what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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8
Q

Synthesis of new DNA strand occurs in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

DNA Replication occurs bidirectionally from what point?

A

Origin of Replication/Replication Fork

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10
Q

True or False: Our objective to create a cell that looks a little bit like the parent cell (not exact replica)

A

False

(exact replica)

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11
Q

One strand of the DNA goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction while another goes in the 3’ to 5’ direction. This phenomenon is known as…

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

Opening up of the DNA strands is called…

A

Denaturation of the Hydrogen Bonds

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13
Q

What group is found in the 5’ end of the DNA?

A

Phosphate Group

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14
Q

What group is found in the 3’ end of the DNA?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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15
Q

This is the strand that goes from 3’ to 5’. It is also how the enzyme (DNA Polymerase) reads the strand.

A

Leading Strand

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16
Q

This is the strand that goes from 5’ to 3’. This is also how the new strands are added.

A

Lagging Strand

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17
Q

The nitrogenous bases of the DNA are connected by what bond?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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17
Q

The Carbons 3 and 5 are connected by what bond?

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

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18
Q

After separating the two strands, we would be able to create ends called….

A

Replication Fork

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19
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA in both direction?

A

Helicase

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20
Q

This is the building block of DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleoside

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21
Q

The bond among nucleosides is called…

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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22
Q

If the structure’s C2 has a hydrogen (H+) attached to it, this is a…

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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23
Q

If the structure’s C2 has a hydroxyl (OH-) attached to it, this is a…

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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24
Q

The phosphodiester bond is formed by what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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25
Q

Glycosidic Bonds are found in what carbon?

A

C1

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26
Q

Enumerate the 3 stages of DNA replication.

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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27
Q

This is the area we want to open so that we could have two (2) parental strands where we can synthesize new DNA strands.

A

Origin of Replication

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28
Q

The Origin of Replication is an area concentrated with what nitrogenous bases? (2)

A

Adenine
Thymine

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29
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold Adenine and Thymine?

A

2

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30
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold Cytosine and Guanine?

31
Q

What are the most dominant nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine
Thymine

32
Q

The protein responsible for destroying hydrogen bonds. These cells simply break down the H bonds in the Replication Fork.

A

Pre-Replication Protein Complex (PRPC)

32
Q

True or False: Multiple origins of replication can occur in one strand of DNA (in Eukaryotic cells).

33
Q

True or False: PRPC is responsible for breaking the bonds between what nitrogenous bases?

A

True or False: PRPC is responsible for breaking the bonds between what nitrogenous bases?

34
Q

True or False: Once the PRCP opens the DNA up, it will no longer re-anneal.

35
Q

The protection of the single strand of DNA against nucleases is done by what protein?

A

Single-Stranded Binding Protein

36
Q

This is the protein that prevents reannealing of the origins of replication.

A

Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB Proteins)

37
Q

These act as primitive immune system that want to destroy the single-stranded DNA.

38
Q

The nucleases work by destroying what bonds?

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

39
Q

What enzyme hops into the exposed parental strands and unwinds the DNA in both directions?

40
Q

True or False: Nucleases and Ligases are opposite of each other

41
Q

True or False: Helicase uses ATP in unwinding the DNA.

42
Q

True or False: PRPC and Helicase both break Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. Helicases, however, are motile enzymes.

43
Q

True or False: Helicases move unidirectionally.

44
Q

True or False: Supercoiling is explained by the concept of Torsional Stress.

45
Q

True or False: Helicase is capable of unwinding supercoils.

46
Q

The enzyme responsible for fixing the supercoiling or torsional stress.The enzyme responsible for fixing the supercoiling or torsional stress.

47
Q

Gyrases belong to what family?

A

Topoisomerase

48
Q

This is a “2-in-1” enzyme; it can act both as a nuclease and a ligase

49
Q

True or False: For gyrases, breaking the phosphodiester bonds allow the DNA to unravel, but continuous cutting would only lead them to fragment. That is why forming the phosphodiester bonds alleviate the cutting done

50
Q

What topoisomerases are possessed by eukaryotes?

51
Q

What is the only topoisomerase that does not need ATP?

52
Q

This is a family of enzymes that can untangle supercoils in the DNA.

A

Topoisomerase

53
Q

This group of enzymes can alleviate the supercoiling by chopping and re stitching the DNA strand to be replicated.

A

Topoisomerase

54
Q

What are two enzymes involved in elongation?

A

Primase
Ligase

55
Q

This is the enzyme that looks for a certain sequence where it will put in a primer.

56
Q

The primer is made up of?

A

RNA Oligonucleotides

57
Q

The primer is made up of short sequences of RNA Oligonucleotides running in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

58
Q

True or False: The primer is complementary to the DNA strand.

59
Q

The _____________________ is enabled by providing a 3’ hydroxyl functional group that will be recognized by the DNA Polymerase where to start the synthesis of the new strand.

A

DNA Polymerase III

60
Q

This substance serves as the guide of the polymerase molecule to start elongation.

61
Q

The creation of the new strand starts from…

A

5’ to 3’

62
Q

This needs the 3’ hydroxyl functional group provided by the primase.

A

DNA Polymerase III

63
Q

In the 5’ to 3’ strand, the C5 is pointing to the ________, while the C3 is pointing to the __________.

A

left; right

64
Q

DNA Polymerase III has a __________ exonuclease activity.

A

3’ to 5’

65
Q

DNA Polymerase I has a ___________ exonuclease activity.

A

5’ to 3’

66
Q

It hates primers but can do anything that the DNA Polymerase III does.

A

DNA Polymerase I

67
Q

The enzyme responsible for connecting Okazaki Fragments and forming phosphodiester bonds.

68
Q

These enzymes fuse the DNA fragments together, forms the phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds formed between the carbon 5 and carbon 3 of succeeding nucleotides that make up the DNA strand)..

69
Q

True or False: Didanosine and Zidovudine will not be recognized by DNA polymerase so termination occurs because of the lack of hydroxyl group. It prevents the DNA strand from further elongation. The DNA HIV virus would therefore not be able to form complete strands.

70
Q

What phenomenon signals termination?

A

Meeting of Helicase

71
Q

The strand where multiple primers are being made.

A

Lagging Strand

72
Q

Once the primers are removed, what will be formed in the lagging strand?

A

Okazaki Fragments

73
Q

What is responsible for removing the primers in the lagging strand?

A

DNA Polymerase I

74
Q

The condition wherein the telomeres get too short to the point that it affects genes.

A

Hayflick Limit

75
Q

What is the sequence of ribonuclotides that are complementary to the last sequence of nucleotides on 3’?

A

5’-TTAGGTG-3’

76
Q

Where can we find cells that contain high levels of telomerase activity? (3)

A

Stem Cells
Cancer Cells
Epithelial Cells

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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