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[MT 6315] Cytogenetics > Unit 2.1: DNA Replication > Flashcards

Unit 2.1: DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps in the central dogma of life?

A
  1. Replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
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2
Q

In this stage, cells prepare to divide and grow.

A

DNA Replication

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3
Q

True or False: When DNA is replicated, it is replicated in all of its entirety.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: Neurons can divide.

A

False

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4
Q

What is the AT and GC that makes up the cell.

A

Genome

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5
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur?

a. G1 Phase
b. G2 Phase
c. S Phase
d. M Phase

A

c. S Phase

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6
Q

This refers to the phenomenon wherein the parent strand will be retained while a new strand is created.

A

Semi-conservative

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7
Q

DNA Polymerase acts on what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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8
Q

Synthesis of new DNA strand occurs in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

DNA Replication occurs bidirectionally from what point?

A

Origin of Replication/Replication Fork

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10
Q

True or False: Our objective to create a cell that looks a little bit like the parent cell (not exact replica)

A

False

(exact replica)

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11
Q

One strand of the DNA goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction while another goes in the 3’ to 5’ direction. This phenomenon is known as…

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

Opening up of the DNA strands is called…

A

Denaturation of the Hydrogen Bonds

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13
Q

What group is found in the 5’ end of the DNA?

A

Phosphate Group

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14
Q

What group is found in the 3’ end of the DNA?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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15
Q

This is the strand that goes from 3’ to 5’. It is also how the enzyme (DNA Polymerase) reads the strand.

A

Leading Strand

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16
Q

This is the strand that goes from 5’ to 3’. This is also how the new strands are added.

A

Lagging Strand

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17
Q

The nitrogenous bases of the DNA are connected by what bond?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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17
Q

The Carbons 3 and 5 are connected by what bond?

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

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18
Q

After separating the two strands, we would be able to create ends called….

A

Replication Fork

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19
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA in both direction?

A

Helicase

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20
Q

This is the building block of DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleoside

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21
Q

The bond among nucleosides is called…

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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22
Q

If the structure’s C2 has a hydrogen (H+) attached to it, this is a…

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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23
If the structure's C2 has a hydroxyl (OH-) attached to it, this is a...
Ribonucleic Acid
24
The phosphodiester bond is formed by what direction?
3' to 5'
25
Glycosidic Bonds are found in what carbon?
C1
26
Enumerate the 3 stages of DNA replication.
Initiation Elongation Termination
27
This is the area we want to open so that we could have two (2) parental strands where we can synthesize new DNA strands.
Origin of Replication
28
The Origin of Replication is an area concentrated with what nitrogenous bases? (2)
Adenine Thymine
29
How many hydrogen bonds hold Adenine and Thymine?
2
30
How many hydrogen bonds hold Cytosine and Guanine?
3
31
What are the most dominant nitrogenous bases?
Adenine Thymine
32
The protein responsible for destroying hydrogen bonds. These cells simply break down the H bonds in the Replication Fork.
Pre-Replication Protein Complex (PRPC)
32
True or False: Multiple origins of replication can occur in one strand of DNA (in Eukaryotic cells).
True
33
True or False: PRPC is responsible for breaking the bonds between what nitrogenous bases?
True or False: PRPC is responsible for breaking the bonds between what nitrogenous bases?
34
True or False: Once the PRCP opens the DNA up, it will no longer re-anneal.
False
35
The protection of the single strand of DNA against nucleases is done by what protein?
Single-Stranded Binding Protein
36
This is the protein that prevents reannealing of the origins of replication.
Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB Proteins)
37
These act as primitive immune system that want to destroy the single-stranded DNA.
Nucleases
38
The nucleases work by destroying what bonds?
Phosphodiester Bonds
39
What enzyme hops into the exposed parental strands and unwinds the DNA in both directions?
Helicase
40
True or False: Nucleases and Ligases are opposite of each other
True
41
True or False: Helicase uses ATP in unwinding the DNA.
True
42
True or False: PRPC and Helicase both break Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. Helicases, however, are motile enzymes.
True
43
True or False: Helicases move unidirectionally.
False
44
True or False: Supercoiling is explained by the concept of Torsional Stress.
True
45
True or False: Helicase is capable of unwinding supercoils.
False
46
The enzyme responsible for fixing the supercoiling or torsional stress.The enzyme responsible for fixing the supercoiling or torsional stress.
Gyrase
47
Gyrases belong to what family?
Topoisomerase
48
This is a "2-in-1" enzyme; it can act both as a nuclease and a ligase
Gyrases
49
True or False: For gyrases, breaking the phosphodiester bonds allow the DNA to unravel, but continuous cutting would only lead them to fragment. That is why forming the phosphodiester bonds alleviate the cutting done
True
50
What topoisomerases are possessed by eukaryotes?
I, II
51
What is the only topoisomerase that does not need ATP?
I
52
This is a family of enzymes that can untangle supercoils in the DNA.
Topoisomerase
53
This group of enzymes can alleviate the supercoiling by chopping and re stitching the DNA strand to be replicated.
Topoisomerase
54
What are two enzymes involved in elongation?
Primase Ligase
55
This is the enzyme that looks for a certain sequence where it will put in a primer.
Primase
56
The primer is made up of?
RNA Oligonucleotides
57
The primer is made up of short sequences of RNA Oligonucleotides running in what direction?
5' to 3'
58
True or False: The primer is complementary to the DNA strand.
True
59
The _____________________ is enabled by providing a 3' hydroxyl functional group that will be recognized by the DNA Polymerase where to start the synthesis of the new strand.
DNA Polymerase III
60
This substance serves as the guide of the polymerase molecule to start elongation.
Primers
61
The creation of the new strand starts from...
5' to 3'
62
This needs the 3' hydroxyl functional group provided by the primase.
DNA Polymerase III
63
In the 5' to 3' strand, the C5 is pointing to the ________, while the C3 is pointing to the __________.
left; right
64
DNA Polymerase III has a __________ exonuclease activity.
3' to 5'
65
DNA Polymerase I has a ___________ exonuclease activity.
5' to 3'
66
It hates primers but can do anything that the DNA Polymerase III does.
DNA Polymerase I
67
The enzyme responsible for connecting Okazaki Fragments and forming phosphodiester bonds.
Ligase
68
These enzymes fuse the DNA fragments together, forms the phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds formed between the carbon 5 and carbon 3 of succeeding nucleotides that make up the DNA strand)..
Ligase
69
True or False: Didanosine and Zidovudine will not be recognized by DNA polymerase so termination occurs because of the lack of hydroxyl group. It prevents the DNA strand from further elongation. The DNA HIV virus would therefore not be able to form complete strands.
True
70
What phenomenon signals termination?
Meeting of Helicase
71
The strand where multiple primers are being made.
Lagging Strand
72
Once the primers are removed, what will be formed in the lagging strand?
Okazaki Fragments
73
What is responsible for removing the primers in the lagging strand?
DNA Polymerase I
74
The condition wherein the telomeres get too short to the point that it affects genes.
Hayflick Limit
75
What is the sequence of ribonuclotides that are complementary to the last sequence of nucleotides on 3'?
5'-TTAGGTG-3'
76
Where can we find cells that contain high levels of telomerase activity? (3)
Stem Cells Cancer Cells Epithelial Cells

[MT 6315] Cytogenetics (16 decks)

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