Unit 4: Concept 2 - Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 1

reads instructions to make polypeptides

Question 2

What are polypeptides?

Answer 2

chain of amino acids, folds into proteins

Question 3

What is the central dogma of genetics?

Answer 3

proteins made is ribosomes

Question 4

What are the 2 types of central dogma of genetics?

Answer 4

transcription and translation

Question 5

What are the three types of RNA?

Answer 5

mRNA (messenger),
tRNA (binder),
rRNA (makes)

Question 6

What is the purpose, location, start and end of transcription?

Answer 6

P: carry instructions out of nucleus,
L: nucleus,
S: DNA,
E: mRNA

Question 7

What is the process of transcription?

Answer 7

1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter and unzips the gene that needs copying,
2. RNA polymerase uses complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA nucleotides with exposed DNA nucleotides,
3. Release completed mRNA,
4. DNA zips back up and the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Question 8

Match the following:
DNA: ‘3 TACGCTAGTACGATT ‘5

Answer 8

RNA: ‘5 AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA ‘3

Question 9

What is RNA splicing?

Answer 9

mRNA has introns and exons (coding regions)

Question 10

What is the genetic code?

Answer 10

instructions for proteins

Question 11

What is a codon?

Answer 11

3 nucleotides on mRNA

Question 12

What is an anti-codon?

Answer 12

complementary 3 nucleotides of tRNA

Question 13

What is an amino acid?

Answer 13

monomers for making proteins

Question 14

What is the purpose, location, start and end of translation?

Answer 14

P: read instructions to make polypeptides,
L: ribosomes,
S: mRNA,
E: polypeptide

Question 15

What is the process of translation?

Answer 15

1. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of ribosomes,
2. Ribosome reads the mRNA codons in the ‘5 to ‘3 direction, starting with the “AUG” codon,
3. tRNAs act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that match with each codon,
4. tRNAs continue to drop off amino acids and the ribosomes bind the amino acids together with peptide bonds,
5. When the “STOP” codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain

Question 16

What are epigenetics?

Answer 16

study of gene expression changes

Question 17

What are transcription factors?

Answer 17

regulatory proteins that control genes

Question 18

What is regulation?

Answer 18

used for gene expression, turns genes on and off