Unit 4 (Brain) Flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Inside, Brain and Spinal Cord, Transmits info from brain to body and body to brain
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Involuntary/Self-Regulating Functions (controls the body parts that moves involuntary like the eyes, heart, etc.)
Sympathetic Nervous System
Mobilizes/ Spends body’s resources, “Fight or Flight” (Reactions, controlling the energy necessary to cope with that situation)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Conserves body’s resources, Protects bodily functions
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Monitors brain wave activity
Medulla
Vital Functions, such as Cardiovascular activities
Reticulated Formation or Reticular Activating System
Arousal and motivation transition, sleep transitions
Occipital Lobe
Sight (part of brain)
Lock and Key Analogy
Every transmitter has a lock, and every receptor has a key
Afferent Neurons/Sensory Nuerons
Info from PNS to CNS (responsible for bringing info from sensory receptors to CNS
Efferent Neurons/Motor Neurons
Info from CNS to PNS (Carry electrical neurons telling your muscles to move)
Left Hemisphere
Right half of the body, verbal and logical
Right Hemisphere
Left half of the body, creative and visual
Cerebral Cortex
“Grey Matter”, Memory attention, thought awareness(Thin Layer of Tissue) (Main information processing center)
Myelin Sheath
Surrounds Axon and Insulates Axon (Speeds info thru the neuron)
Endorphins
Endorphins help us deal with pain as well as producing a pleasurable sensation
Thalamus is not
a gland
Endocrine System is based on
Hormones
The Hypothalamus is linked to
Obesity
An increase in positive ions inside the neuron causes
an action potential
Sensory information from your sense of smell do not
pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex
Dopamine, GABA, AcH are
neurotransmitters
Indentical twins raised apart who do not suffer from the same disorders indicates
that environmental factors play a larger role than genetic factors in their development
Parietal Lobe
Interprets Sensory Information
Temporal Lobe
Hearing Memories
Frontal
Heavy Thinking, Planning
Dendrites
Recieves Info
Soma
Cell Body
Axon
Carries Signal
Nodes of Ranvier
Maintains the strength of signal
Synaptic Vescles
Protects Neurotransmitters
Receptor Sites
Where neurotransmitters attach to next neurons
Hypothalamus
Basic biological functions, survival needs
Pons
Pathway for motor and sensory information, facial expressions
Cerebellum
Voluntary movements, coordination, balance in behavior sprinting (example)
Amygdala
influence anger, fear, rage (emotions)
Hippocampus
formation of memories
Somatic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Limbic System
a grouping of structures in the brain that sits between in the most primitive part of the forebrain called the rhinecephalon. This is a doughnut-shaped network of neurons that inlfuences many deep-rooted drives and emotions including pain, anger, hunger, sex, thirst, and pleasure. The thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, fornix, mammiliary bodies, and septal areas are all parts of the limbic system
Parietal Lobe
plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature. The parietal lobe would inform you the temperature of a hard boiled egg and would allow you to pick up that egg with just enough pressure to hold it and not crush it
Corpus Callosum
This area contains the largest bundle of nerve fibers in the brain and connects the two sides (hemispheres) of the brain. The corpus callosum doesn’t just sit there, it is responsible for allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with each other and share information. Thus, the corpus callosum carries massages between the left and right hemispheres of the brain
Endocrine System
Information travels through our bodies in two forms; as electrical signals, or as chemical signals. The chemical signals are created and carried throughout the body using the endocrine system. This system works more slowly than the electrical signals, and is made up of glands that secret hormones (the carriers of the information) in the bloodstream
Estrogen
Estrogen is one of the sex hormones that is necessary for proper female reproductive functioning as well as the development of secondary female characteristics like breasts, less facial hair than men, etc
Androgen
Androgens are the hormones that control sexual development. They can be naturally produced by the body or synthetically produced. Among their functions is their contribution to the growth of male sex organs and. Testosterone is one of the more recognizable androgens.
Adrenal Glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sits just above the kidneys and secretes hormones (epinephrine and noepinephrine) that helps arouse the body in times of stress
Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
Split brain
a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers
genes
the segments of DNA molecules that contain the code for particular peptides or proteins which then determine who we are
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes
Identical Twins
Twins who developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal Twins
Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but share a fetal environment
Molecular genetics
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and functions of genes
mutations
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
