Learning Flashcards
Habituation
An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Unconditional Response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditional stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Unconditional Stimulus
In classical Conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically-triggers a response
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned stimulus)
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that , after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar reponses
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food (strengthens response)
Negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. (Strengthens the response, not a punishment)
Primary Reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Fixed Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of response
Variable Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, an reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of response
Fixed- Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
B.F. Skinner
Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world; he designed the operant chamber
Punishment
any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior
Edwin Thorndike
Author of Law of Effect
Albert Badura
Observational Learning
