Semester Review Flashcards
<p>Biological Psychology</p>
<p>Biological psychology looks at the link between biology and psychological events such as how information travels thoughout our bodies (neural impulses, axons, dendrites, etc.), how different neurotransmitters effect sleep, dreams, and other behaviors</p>
<p>Psychodynamic Psychology</p>
<p>Psychodynamics refers to the interaction of conscious and unconscious processes and how these processes affect our personality, behavior, and feelings. For example, how are we influenced by our childhood experiences, and how do our inner conflicts and urges motivate us? How might we handle the competing desires of wanting to lose weight with really wanting to eat a donut? </p>
<p>Behaviorist Psychology </p>
<p>the study of overt behavior (observable behavior) and external factors - study of observable events</p>
<p>Humanist Psychology</p>
<p>Self-Potential and Internal Environment</p>
<p>Cognitive Psychology</p>
<p>Thought Processes</p>
<p>Evolutionary Psychology</p>
<p>Adaptation</p>
<p>Eclecticism Psychology</p>
<p>An Eclectic Perspective in psychotherapy is one that combines aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client</p>
<p>Two types of careers in Psychology </p>
<p>Provider (Individual Treatment) and Research </p>
<p>Child Psychologist</p>
<p>Mental, Social Emotion, Development (Provider)</p>
<p>Counseling Psychologist</p>
<p>Someone to talk to; General issues; Day to day coping (Provider)</p>
<p>Clinical Psychologist</p>
<p>Specific Disorders (Provider)</p>
<p>School Psychologist</p>
<p>Deal directly with students, Achievement of educational goal (Provider)</p>
<p>Development Psychologist</p>
<p>Development over the course of your life (Research)</p>
<p>Educational Psychologist</p>
<p>Effective teaching and learning practice (Research)</p>
<p>Industrial/ Organizational Psychologist</p>
<p>Improving the workplace; increasing morale and productivity (Research)</p>
<p>Cognitive Psychologist</p>
<p>Perception, thinking and memory (Research)</p>
<p>Social Psychologist </p>
<p>Affect of social interactions (Research)</p>
<p>Evolutionary Psychologist</p>
<p>How we mentally adapt (Research)</p>
<p>Forensic Psycholgist</p>
<p>Psychology in the legal world (Research)</p>
<p>Sports Psychologist</p>
<p>Mental state of Athletes (Research)</p>
<p>William James </p>
<p>Fuctionalism</p>
<p>Fuctionalism</p>
<p>What is the purpose of consciousness? How do we adjust to the environment? How do we acquire habits?</p>
<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p>
<p>First Psych Lab (University of Leipzig, Germany)</p>
<p>Charles Darwin</p>
<p>Natural Selection</p>
<p>G. Stanley Hall</p>
<p>First American Lab (John Hopkins University)</p>
<p>John Watson</p>
<p>The father of Behaviorism </p>
<p>Empiricism </p>
<p>The Philosophical school of thought that real knowledge comes from the senses</p>
<p>Experimental Method</p>
<p>Focus on manipulating the independent variable and observing its effect on the dependent variable, while ruling out the possibility that other variables could have influenced the outcome</p>
<p>Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis</p>
<p>What is the relationship vs There is no relationship</p>
<p>Operational Definition</p>
<p>Procedure, Define Variables</p>
<p>Independent Variable</p>
<p>Changed or Manipulated</p>
<p>Dependent Variable</p>
<p>Effected by the change in the independent variable</p>
<p>Extraneous Variable</p>
<p>Any factor or variable that causes an effect (or potential affects) other than the variable being studied is considered an extraneous variable</p>
<p>Confounding Variable</p>
<p>Alternative Explanation for results, must accept null hypothesis (Bottle-Feeding Experiment)</p>
<p>Control Group</p>
<p>PlaceBo, PlaceBo Group, PlaceBo Effect</p>
<p>Double Blind Study</p>
<p>Participants and conductor unaware</p>
<p>Single Blind Study</p>
<p>Participants unaware</p>
<p>Case Study</p>
<p>In-depth investigations, Every aspect of a subject's life, generalize results</p>
<p>Survey</p>
<p>Questions or interviews to gather information</p>
<p>Longitudinal Studies</p>
<p>Same subject(s) over an extended period of time</p>
<p>Cross-Sectional Studies</p>
<p>Different subjects (age) tested at the same time</p>
<p>Naturalistic Observation</p>
<p>Observe naturally occurring events, No intervention with subjects</p>
<p>Correlation Coefficient (Positive and Negative Relationship)</p>
<p>This is a measure of the direction (positive or negative) and extent (range of a correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1) of the relationship between two sets of scores. Scores with a positive correlation coefficient go up and down together (as with smoking and cancer). A negative correlation coefficient indicates that as one score increases, the other score decreases (as in the relationship between self-esteem and depression; as self-esteem increases, the rate of depression decreases)</p>
<p>APA Ethical Guidelines</p>
<p>Ethical guidelines or codes are used by groups and organizations to define what actions are morally right and wrong. The guidelines are used by group members as a code with which to perform their duties. Psychologists use ethical guidelines in order to be certain that treatment and research are being conducted in a manner which is not harmful to participants</p>
<p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p>
<p>responses are all "arousal" responses which get you ready to fight or flee in times of danger</p>
<p>Autonomic Nervous System</p>
<p>Involuntary/ Self-Regulating Functions (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Division)</p>
<p>Parasympathetic Division</p>
<p>Conserves body's resources</p>
<p>Sympathetic Division</p>
<p>Spends body's resources</p>
<p>Somatic Nervous System</p>
<p>Voluntary Functions (Afferent and Efferent Neurons)</p>
<p>Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)</p>
<p>Info from PNS to CNS</p>
<p>Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)</p>
<p>Info from CNS to PNS</p>
<p>Hypothalamus</p>
<p>Basic biological functions, survival needs (oxygen, food, sleep)</p>
<p>Limbic System</p>
<p>Border of Mid and ForeBrain (Main function is emotion, memory, and motivation)</p>
<p>Occiptial Lobe </p>
<p>Sight</p>
<p>Parietal Lobe</p>
<p>Interprets sensory information</p>
<p>Temporal Lobe</p>
<p>Hearing, Memories</p>
<p>Frontal Lobe</p>
<p>Heavy thinking, planning</p>
<p>Corpus Callosum</p>
<p>Bridge of Nerves, Connects Hemisphere. Allows communication</p>
<p>Estrogen</p>
<p>Estrogen is one of the sex hormones that is necessary for proper female reproductive functioning as well as the development of secondary female characteristics like breasts, less facial hair than men, etc.</p>
<p>Androgen</p>
<p>Androgens are the hormones that control sexual development. They can be naturally produced by the body or synthetically produced. Among their functions is their contribution to the growth of male sex organs and. Testosterone</p>
<p>Pituitary Gland</p>
<p>Growth, temperature, blood pressure, metabolism, physical maturation, master gland</p>
<p>Adrenal Gland</p>
<p>Sympathetic Nervous System, Adrenaline</p>
<p>Thyrold Gland</p>
<p>Metabolism </p>
<p>Gonads</p>
<p>Sex Glands, Reproduction</p>
<p>Brainstem</p>
<p>Base of Brain, Connects brain and Spinal Cord, Contains midbrain and hindbrain </p>
<p>Left hemisphere</p>
<p>Right half of the body, Verbal and Logical</p>
<p>Right hemisphere</p>
<p>Left half of the body, Creative and Visual</p>
<p>Just Noticeable Differences</p>
<p>Change in intensity, How much change before you notice </p>
<p>Absolute Threshold</p>
<p>The smallest amount of a stimulus you can detect at least 50% of the time </p>
<p>Sensory Adaptation </p>
<p>More exposure=Less Sensitivity</p>
<p>Weber's Law</p>
<p>JND's Theory, Intensity of stimulus is related to the amount of change to the intensity. As intensity increases, the JND increases as well</p>
<p>Fechner's Law</p>
<p>JND Theory, Diminishing returns, constantly increasing intensity by the same amount increases the JND</p>
<p>Wavelength</p>
<p>Color, Distance between peaks</p>
<p>Amplitude </p>
<p>Intensity, Height of waves</p>
<p>Ultraviolet</p>
<p>Too short for human response</p>
<p>Infrared</p>
<p>Too long for human response</p>
<p>Proximal Stimulus </p>
<p>the light reflected off a physical object in the external world</p>
<p>Distal Stimulus </p>
<p>any physical object or event in the external world that reflects </p>
Accommodation
How the Lens Adjusts
Cones
Color vision, sharpness, daylight, inside the fovea
Rods
Black and White vision, low light, outside the fovea
Pupil
The center of the eye, controls light
Retina
Converts light into images
Trichromatic Color Theory
Red, Green, Blue
Monocular Cues
Requires one eye, effective for judging distance, diminished retinal disparity
Binocular Cues
Requires both eyes, Near SPACE, Produces depth
Colorblindness
Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, No Color (Rare)
Tastes
1-Bitter 2-Sour 3-Salty 4-Sweet
Optical Illusions
Incorrect Perception, Conflict between perception and reality
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Children How thinking develops and changes
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
How do our morals develop? What drives us?
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Freud believed there to be five stages of psychosexual development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital. At each of these stages, pleasure is focused on a particular part of the body. Too much or too little pleasure in any one of these stages caused a fixation which would lead to personality or psychological disorders.
