Unit 3.2-3 Flashcards
The two major divisions of the nervous system are
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The CNS is protected and associated with the
Comprised of the
Axial skeleton
Brain and spinal cord
The PNS is largely associated with the
Composed of
Has
Appendicular skeleton
Cranial and spinal nerves
Ganglia-Collection of neurons outside of the CNS
The ANS are _ systems that overlap the the CNS and PNS
It innervates
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
Ganglia of the PNS
ANS
Dorsal root ganglia: special sensory that enables reflex movement
Sympathetic ganglia: stimulates second neuron of system that in turn innervates the effector organ
Function of the nervous system
Accomplishes it by monitoring _, _, assimilating _, _
Controls and coordinates most of the activities of the body in response to environmental stimulus
External and internal environment
And assessing this information and asses it from past experiences
Other body systems to make an appropriate response
Stage 1
Initial stages
Sensory receptors- we have receptors in our skin and organs that transfer info to our CNS
the initial stages are receipt of info from the environment by the system
Sensory motor interplay
There is a constant cycle between sensation (afferent) and reaction (efferent)
Sensory incoming-> motor outgoing
Stage 2
Information process
Sensory perception from the peripheral receptors transmit info to neurons in the brain (thalamus) via sensory afferent (spinal thalamic- ascending) tracts
Stage 3
The thalamus together with the input from other areas of the brain facilitate a response from the
The response flows from the _ to the _
The response may effect _
Effectors or effector organs are known as
Motor effects
Neurons in the brain determine the course of action and command a response
CNS
CNS vis descending tracts to the PNS (spinal nerves)
All types of muscles and secretly tissues
Muscles
Tissues involved in the process can be summarized with the terms
SAME
sensory, afferent, motor, efferent
DAVE
dorsal, afferent, ventral, efferent
Sensory fibers are
Motor fibers are
Dorsal and afferent- sensory
Ventral and efferent- motors
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Neurons- functional unit
Nueroglia- cells that support the function if nuerons and assist in creating the scaffold, matrix, and form of nuerological tissues
Types of neurons
Sensory - afferents
Motor- efferent
Relay- internucial, stimulated by neurons and have other nuerons as their target
Found in the superior butterfly wing- dorsal horn
Inferior- ventral
Sensory
Motor
Internucial neurons are found in the
Known as
Function
CNS between sensory and motor neurons
Interneurons or association neurons
Store and interpret information and provide communication between sensory and motor
_ receive information from the other cells
_ extension from the cell
_ cell body
_ longest extension from the soma and transmit info away from the cell. They have
_ touch the body or dendrites of a second neuron
Dendrites- at least one on all lot neurons
Hillock
Soma
Axon
Teliodendrites with distal enlargements termed synaptic boutons
Teliodendria
_ is an insulating substance that carries the action potential toward the target tissue and is produced by special _
_ effects the speed of transmission
Node of ranvier are
Myelin
Glial cells
Degree and depth of myelination so large diameters are quicker
Gaps located between myelin cells and they speed up transmission because they inhibit friction
The synapse occurs between
The transmitting cells is
The receiving cell is
A _ is one
The chemical synapse occurs between
A _ is one
Two cells cleft
Presynaptic neurons
Postsynaptic neurons
Teliodendria
The axon of one cell and soma or dendrite of another specifically between the synaptic knob and synaptic cleft
Ach is the most common neurotransmitter- contraction of muscles
Two methods of classification of neurons
Structural and functional
Neurons are structurally classified by
Bipolar
Multipolar
Unipolar
The number of poles (hillock) that extend from the soma. Both axons and dendrites have hillocks
Neuron with one axon and one dendrites
A neuron with one axon and more than one dendrites
A neuron with one hillock the bifurcates to form one axon and one dendrites
Neurons are functionally classified by
Function can be isolated within specific regions of the
Sensory, motor, visceral, or somatic
Grey- Spinal cord
Dorsal horns contain
Ventral horns contain
Dorsal and ventral can be further divided into external (contains _ and internal portions
Sensory
Motor
Somatic body functions
The dorsal outer pools are receiving sensory info from the
The ventral outer pools are supplying motor innervation to
Skin
Skeletal muscles
The innermost portions of each horn contains
The dorsal inner pools receive sensory information from the
The ventral inner pools provide motor interaction to
Neurons related to visceral (organ) functions
Organs
Smooth and cardiac muscles of organs and to glands
Axons from somatic and visceral neurons pools exit the spinal cord together as the
_ combine together to create spinal nerves which exits the vertebral canal through
Dorsal root- sensory afferent axons
Ventral root- motor efferent axons
Afferent and efferent roots
Intervertebral foramen
The exact relationship of specific spinal nerves and cutaneous innervation are mapped on the exterior surface of our body referred to as
Dermatomes
Internal areas/ organs are related to specific
Spinal nerves
Organ dysfunction can be misinterpreted as cutaneous sensation on the surface of the skin termed
Referred pain
Types of nueroglia cells
Schwann cells- myelinating cells of the PNS. They myelinate one axon
Ogliodendrocytes- neurons of the CNS. tie together multiple axons and axons from multiple neurons. They create the neural net. Mylinating cell
Microglia CNS- most numerous glial cells and are found throughout neurological tissues. Phagocytic cell
Ependymal cells CNS- line the cerebral ventricals and aid in the creation of cerebral spinal fluid. Measure the pressure with the cerebral ventricles
Astrocytes CNS- create the blood brain barrier by wrapping there long extensions around blood vessels within the neurological tissues
Satellite cells- found in the ganglia (dorsal root ganglia and the sympathetic chain ganglia) and support the functions of the neurons within ganglia.
Extensions from the astrocytes crest the correct aperture for the _ through the vascular walls
Gaps between a extensions are small enough to
Too large to pass through astrocyte extensions
Small enough to enter and can cause creutzfeldt- Jakob disease
Exchange of nutrient molecules and cellular waste
Conserve neurotransmitters and prohibit pathogens from entering the neurological tissues
Bacteria, fungus and most pathogens
Prisons
