Unit 3.1 Flashcards
Ganglia
Collections of nuerons outside the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Nuclei
Collection of neurons in the brain cord
Horns
Collections of neurons in the spinal cord
The brain begins formation from a neural tube and develops _
3 major areas termed primary vesicles (closed structure-cavity)
The primary vesicles are formed by the end of the
The tube is hollow and referred to as the
5th week of development
Neural tube
The canal will enlarge and constrict and remain in the fully formed brain as spaces (_) that create and contain
Cerebral ventricals
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
_ is critical for proper cellular division and tissue differentiation
Folic acid (vitamin B9)
Prenatal deficiencies, poor maternal diet, are known to cause
It’s important to eat foods rich in _ which are
Serious birth defects
Folite and b12 vitamins
Dark leafy greens, beans, enriched breads/cereals and oj
The three developmental regions are
Forebrain
Midbrain
hindbrain
Primary, secondary vessels, adult structure
Forebrain (prosencephalon)-> telencephalon and diencephalon-> cerebrum, thalamus/hypothalamus, and epithalmus
Midbrain (mesencephalon)->mesencephalon-> superior and inferior colliculli
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)-> metencephalon and myelencephalon-> cerebellum and pins, medullar oblongata
The lateral ventricals are
Third ventricals
Rostral part of fourth
Caudal part of fourth
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
During the 5th week of development the 3 primary vesicles further differentiate into
5 secondary ventricals
The telencephalon…
The outside of the cortex is grey because
The grey appearance in neurons comes from
Axons from the cortical surface neurons project towards
The axonal tissues appear white because
Enlargers and creates the bulk of the brain tissue known as the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
Neurons are present
Contains nissle
The center of the brain
There are no nissle bodies present and because axons are generally mylenated
The basal nuclei are _ that are deep to the cortex and axonal fibers
They appear grey because
Largely related to
_ to the lateral ventricals
Referred to as
Bilateral aggregations of neurons
They are neurons and contain nissle substance
Motor function
Inferiolateral
Cerebral nuclei or basal ganglia, corpus striatum
Loves of the telencephalon are regions of cortical tissue associated with bones of the
Cranial vault and are associated with specific functions
The diencephalon (between brain) is comprised of _
The locations of each
Thalamus- centrally placed deep within the cortex
Hypothalamus- below the thalamus
Epithalamus- above the thalamus
The thalamus are right and left thalamic nuclei are egg shaped structures found on either side of the _
Each thalamus is composed of _ and they do
The thalamus filters all sensory information except
Axons from the thalamus project to the
Third ventricle
Anterior- provides awareness of emotional states
Ventral nuclei- act as sensory relay stations to the cortex
Olfaction
Somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
The hypothalamus contains
Axonal projections create the
Functions
Referred to as
Autonomic nuclei (clusters of nuerons) that act to control the ANS and the nuclei that regulate the endocrine system through axonal projections to the pituitary stalk
Pituitary stalk
Regulates body temperature, food and water intake, sleep and wake cycles, emotions and behavioral drives including sexual
Regulating primitive function
The pituitary gland is not considered part of the _ despite
It is
Hypothalamus
The posterior lobe (fibrous pituitary) receiving neuronal axons from nuclei of the hypothalamus
An endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth
Epithalamus also know as
Found _ to the thalamus
The pineal gland is an _
Thought to regulate _
Produces _
Contains
Pineal gland
Superioposterior
Endocrine gland
Day and night sequence (circadian rhythm)
Melatonin
Habenular nucleus that functions as relay from the limbic system to respond to olfaction
The diencephalon provides
Sensory integration (thalamus) and body regulation- thirst, hunger, sleep (hypothalamus and Epithalamus)
The hypothalamus functions to
Regulate autonomic functions
Produce hormones
Balance emotional and behavioral drives
Regulate body temperature
Two primary portions with subareas of discrete function of the midbrain
Tectum and tegmentum
The mesencephalon _ during continued development
It is divided into _ which are
Remains relatively unchanged
Dorsal and ventral regions
Dorsal- is referred to as the tectum (roof)
Ventral - referred to as the tegmentum (floor)
The _ of the mesencephalon contains several sensory areas which include
Together they are referred to as
Tectum
Superior colliculis is associated with the special sense of sight/ vision, known as the visual reflex center
Inferior colliculis is associated with the special sense of sound/ audition and is known as the auditory reflex center
The corpora quadrigeminae (body, 2 sets of twins)
The _ of the mesencephalon contains several motor areas which are
Neurons with lithium the substantia nigra creates
Death of cells (apoptosis) in the substancia nigra creates the clinical condition
The cerebral peduncles (right and left) are axonal fibers from the
Tegmentum (contains the red nucleus
dopamine which is necessary for the fluid execution of movement and effects emotions
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebral cortex and form a portion of the corticospinal tract and is a descending somatic motor fibers/axons
The rhombencephalon is the _ portion of the brain and can be divided into _ portions which are
Caudal
Superior and inferior
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
The metencephalon differentiates into
_ is a raised ventral area composed of sensory and motor axons crossing between the brain and spinal cord
_ contains brain stem nuclei and respiratory - vital response centers
Brainstem nuclei includes
_ fibers from the pons innervate/ regulate respiratory skeletal muscles
All nuclei includes the pons are referred to as the
The region of the pons containing clusters of nuclei are known as
The new name is
Pons and cerebellum
Pons
Pons
Both sensory and motor cranial nerve; specifically nuclei of CN’s V-VIII
Autonomic
Pontine nuclei
Pneumotaxic center
Pontine respiratory center
The part of metencephalon that is the flower like structure found posterior to the pons is
Is made of a
Between the hemispheres is a small central structure known as
The surface of cerebellum is
The gross surface structure evidences on folding a termed
Cerebellum
Right and left hemispheres
Vermis (worm) follicular nodular love
Neuronal- mad of neurons
Folia meaning foliage or leaves
The internal surface of the cerebellum is comprised of
The fibers create an internal
The cerebellum functions to provide
It receives
Diseases of the cerebellum produce
White nerve axons from the cells of the folia
Tree like structure termed the arbor vitae
Balance, equilibrium, and skilled movement
Proprioceptive information (relationship of where you are in space), coordinates sequences of muscle contraction for movement, and stores routine movement
Ataxia, muscle tremors
The myelencephalon is the inferior portion of the brainstem and is known as
It contains brain stem’s nuclei and
Brainstem nuclei includes
The ANS nuclei in it are referred to as _ which controls
Medulla oblongata
Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) axonal fibers
Both sensory and motor cranial nerves, specifically nuclei of CN’s IX XII
vital responses centers
Respiratory, blood pressure, and cardiac function
Axonal fibers in the medulla oblongata cross (decussate) from one side of a tract to the other side and specifically at the
Fibers that cross to the opposite side of the tract are
Fibers that do not cross are
The pyramids are found
Fibers that cross here are often referred to as
The pyramids are part of the
The medulla oblongata is largely within the
The inferior portion is within the
As neurological tissues exit the foramen the continue
Medullary pyramids
Contralateral fibers
Ipsilateral fibers
Dorsal surface of the medualla oblongata
Pyramidal ducassation
Corticospinal tract, descending motor fibers
Cranial vault
Foramen magnum
Inferiorly as the spinal cord
