Unit 1.2 Flashcards
The hierarchical organization of the body is
Atoms and molecules, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Anatomy
Study of the form of the bones
Physiology
The study of function of the body
What does each discipline believe is the smallest function of life
Anatomist- cells
Physiologists- atoms or molecules
Cell membrane
The phospholipid bilayer that separates internal cellular components from the external environment; selectively
permeable barrier= plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytosine/intracellular fluid high water content with solutes (many are enzymes that act as catalysts to run the cell)
Ribosomes
Small dense granules responsible for protein synthesis; can be free in cytoplasm or fixed on ER
ER
Folded intracellular membrane networks with cytoplasm; can be smooth or rough depending on function
Smooth ER
Synthesis transport and storage of lipids and detoxes
Rough ER
Produces, transport, and stores proteins bound for outside of cell insertion on plasma membrane or inclusion in lysosome as a catalyst
Golgi
Modify, package, and store proteins from RER; transports/sends to lysosome for conversion into secretions and to plasma membrane
Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs produced by golgi that contain enzymes to digest waste and ingested macromolecules- removes cells damaged parts=autophagia
At cell death enzymes released from lysosome=
Autolysis
Peroxisomes
Smaller membrane bound sacs produced by RER
Use O2 to catalytically detox harmful substances produced by cell or taken into cell
Mitochondria
Double membrane structure produces cells energy -ATP- inner membrane folded increase surface area for contact with fluids
Nucleus
Central control of genetic materials
3 features: all have bilayer nuclear envelope/membrane, chromatin (transform to chromosomes for reproduction/gene transmission), and some have nucleoli
Can cells have different amounts of organelles
Yes- rations of organelles is dependent on function
What organ would have cells with a high prevalence of mitochondria
Mt= production of energy- cells in body systems that require a lot of energy
Muscle cells
What organ would have cells with a high concentration of lysosomes
Cells in body systems that detox the body
Liver cells
What cell in the final form has no nucleus
The nucleus is large mass within the cell, cells without a nucleus would be different in form than the others
Red blood cells
Hist
Ology
Net
To study
Cyte
Blast
Rete
Mature cell
Immature cell
Net-Latin
Ecto
Meso
Endo
Outside
Middle
Inside
Epi
Peri
Osteo
Upon, above
Outside boundary… perimeter
Bone
Chondro
Myo
Glia
Cartilage
Muscle
Glue
Histology
The tissue level of organization of the body
Tissues in the human body
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
Functions of the epithet tissue
Protection: achieved by lining body surfaces and cavities, serves as a barrier for entry of pathogens and prevents infection
Absorption: they are modified to structure (tissue/organ) to allow for proper exchange of specific nutrients and molecules
Secretion: specialized epithelial produce secretions, they form our endo and exocrine glands
Characteristics of epithets tissues
surface always exposed to fluid or air
Totally cellular
Lacks blood vessels (Avascular)
Cells rest in a basement membrane
Classification of epitheal tissues
Layers: simple (single) and stratified (multiple layers thick)
Shape: squamous (compressed, flat), cuboidal (cube shape, equal width, height, and length) and columnar (column shape, longer than width or breadth)
Simple squamous
Example
Single layer of compressed cells
Lung tissue, serous membranes- lining of body cavities, lining of heart and blood vessels
Simple cuboidal
Example
Single layer of cube shaped cells
Kidney tubules, ducts of glands, surface of ovaries
Simple columnar
Example
Single layer of column shaped cells
Gall bladder, GI tract, lining of intestines
Stratified squamous
Example
Layers of compressed cells
Skin, vagins
Transitional
Example
Cells on a smooth muscle basement membrane grant in ability to expand and contract
The lining of the urinary bladder
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Example
Falsely stratified single layer of columnar cells with cilia- brushed boarder
Lining of the respiratory tract
Glandular epithelial tissues
Exocrine and endocrine
Exocrine glands
Example
Glands with ducts: they have two regions; a secretory region and duct
Sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands
Endocrine glands
Example
Glands without ducts: secretions are transported by venous return throughout the body by the cardiovascular system
The pituitary and adrenal glands
Exocrine glands microanatomy
Duct portion: simple (no branching) and compound (some branching)
Secretory portion: tubular (straight) and alveolar/acinar (bulbous)
Types of simple glands
Simple tubular- intestinal glands
Simple coiled tubular- sweat gland
Simple branched tubular- mucus producing glands
Simple alveolar- developmental state
Simple beached alveolar- oil producing glands
Types of compound glands
Compound tubular- mucus producing glands
Compound alveolar- mammary glands
Compound tubercuinar- salivary glands
What is the relationship between simple and compound glands with respect to function (volume of secretion)
Simple- little bit of fluid
Compound- lots of fluid
Fibroblasts create different protein chains known as
Collagen fibers
Elastin fibers
Reticular fibers
Adipose (fat) tissue function
Found where
Insulates, stores fat as a metabolite and provides protection
Found between skin and muscle, between muscle and around organs
Dense regular connective tissue
Found where
Collagen fibers arranged in parallel ways
Found in muscle tendons; provides strength and linear flexibility
Dense irregular connective tissue
Found where
Collagen fibers arranged in random array
Found in the dermis of the skin, resists tension in all direction (very stiff)
Types of connective tissues
Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Found where
Elastic fibers arranged in parallel array
Found in: vessels and particularly large vessels of the heart
Hyaline cartilage
What is completely this
Areas of the skeleton that remain hyaline cartilage throughout life include
Chondrocytes and collagen fibers embedded in firm yet somewhat flexible matrix with abundant ground substance appears as background in histo slides and is comprised largely of proteins
The feta skeleton is completely hyaline cartilage
Costal cartilage, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and articulate surface of bones
Types of cartilage
Elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage
Is cartilage avascular?
Yes
Costal cartilage is what type?
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage forms rigid support in walls of
Trachea and bronchioles and in costal cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Found where?
Matrix contains little ground substance with chondrocytes being embedded in an abundance of densely interwoven collagen fibers
In intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, and menisci of the knee
Elastic cartilage
Ability to
Found where?
Chondrocytes embedded in firm and very flexible matrix with an abundance of elastin in matrix
Has the ability to rebound-recoll following deformation
In pin (external folds) of ear and epiglottis, Eustachian tube, and some laryngeal cartilages
Functions of bone tissues
Rigid support, protection of underlying organs, ands in movement, blood cell formation in the red marrow, storage for chemicals: Ca++
Types of bone cells
Osteocytes, osteoblast, osteoclasts
Osteocyte
Mature bone cells in osteon and lamella
Osteoblast
Immature bone cells in cellular periosteum and endosteum
Osteoclasts
Bone (calcium) bone destroying cells in endostruem
Composition of bone tissue
Organic portion and inorganic
Organic portion of bone tissue
1/3 of the weight and comprised of collagen fibers
The fibers provide bone with flexibility and tensile strength
Inorganic portion of bone tissue
2/3 of the weight and comprised of hydroxyapatite = calcium appetite
Calcium apatite is composed of calcium phosphate, calcium, carbonate, and calcium hydroxide
The calcium salts provide bone with compressional strength
Types of bone
Compact
Spongy
Compact (dense or lamellar) bones
Covers what?
Is found at the shaft (body) of long bones
A thin layer of compact bone covers spongy bones
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular = lattice-like arrangement) bone
Contains
Is found at the ends (. articular surfaces, epiphysis, and metaphysis of long bones)
Contains red marrow that creates all blood cells (both red and white)
The Haversian system
Arterial supply provides
Venous return provides
Central (Haversian) canal transmits a neuromuscular bundle through the center of the osteon
Ca++ for the process of ossification and metabolites for the maturity and maintenance of cells
A pathway to increase circulating levels of Ca++ in the blood and removal of cellular waste
Microanatomy of bone tissue: The osteon is
The basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone
Features of the osteon
Lucunae
Osteoblasts
Canalicula
Lamellae
Lacunae
= calcified “nests” with bone cell (osteocyte) in center
Osteoblasts secrete
Osteoid- pulls in Ca++ from circulating blood and the mineral is deposited around the developing bone cell = process of ossification
What type of cartilage is found between the epiphysis and metaphysis?
Hyaline cartilage
Blood is a vital tissue that
Connects all body systems to one another
Blood supplies
Transports
Nutrients to all cells and removes metabolic wastes away from cells
Many types of cells to defend immunological system and repair the body
Cells found in connective tissue proper
Fibroblast, adipocyte, mesenchymal cells, leukocytes, mast cells and macrophages
Fibroblast
(Fiber immature cell)
create different chains known as collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
Macrophages
(Large, eat)
Part of the immune system
Connective tissue classification
Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Types of connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue: adipose, areolar, reticular
Dense connective tissue: elastic, irregular, regular
Types of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage: elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline
Bone: compact/lamelair, spongy/cancellous
Types of fluid connective tissue
Blood
Blood derived from lymph: cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid
Mesenchymal cells
“Pluripotent” cells; aid in repair when tissues are injured
Leukocytes
White blood cell; line of defense phagocytize bacteria and foreign material
Mast cells
Secrete heparin that inhibit blood clotting and histamine that increases blood flow
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Located
Loosely woven
Located between skin and muscles (subcataneous layer), binds vessels and nerves
Canaliculi
Contains
“Little canals”
Developing bones cells send extensions toward one another creating canals between osteoblasts/cytes during the process of ossification
Contains minute neurovascular bundles that provides communication between cells and allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste
Lamellae
“Concentric rings”
Simply stated are growth rings if bone- similar to development of growth rings of trees
Allow for growth in the diameter of the bone
The havarian system: perforating (volkmanns) canal are
Transmit
Traverse
Horizontal to the central canal
A nuerovascular bundles through the lamella of individual patrons and perforate concentric rings of adjacent patrons
Lamella from the bone marrow cavity to (and penetrate) the external covering of the bone- the periosteum (outside boundary of bone)
Composition of blood
% and contains
Plasma- 55% of whole blood. Contains albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
Buffy coat- 1% of whole blood. Contains leukocytes and platelets
Ethrocytes (red blood cells) -44% of whole blood
What key constitutent is missing from components of blood plasma?
Water
Functions of muscle tissues
Produce movement of body and locomotion
Maintain posture and body position
Contribute to formation of organs, vessels, and glands-ducts
Protect and support internal organs
Guards entrances and exits
Increase body temperature
Types of muscle tissues
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Classifications of muscle tissues
According to type, appearance, and innervation
Classification according to appearance
Striated- having the appearance of stripes
Non striated- not having the appearance of stripes
Classification of muscle according to types
Skeletal- attached to bone
Cardiac- found only in the heart
Smooth- found in the walls of organs (viscera), walls of blood vessels, and ducts of glands
Classification of muscle according to innervation (nerve supply)
Voluntary
Involuntary
Voluntary
Move
Innervation
Under conscious control
There is free will to move skeletal muscles
Innervation of the voluntary muscles is by somatic-motor system (body-motor)
Involuntary
Function
Include
Innervation
Not under conscious control
Muscles function without willing them to contract/relax
These muscles include smooth muscles and the heart
Innervation of involuntary muscle is by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
What types of muscles are striated?
Non striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
Smooth
What type of muscles are voluntary?
Involuntary?
Skeletal
Smooth, cardiac
Nervous system locations
associated
Brain and spinal cord = central nervous system (CNS)
- protected/associated with the axial skeleton
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves = peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- associated with the appendicular skeleton
Nerves that control smooth and cardiac muscle= autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-associated with both the CNS and PNS
Cranial nerves come off of the
Spinal nerves
Brain
Spinal cord
Types of nerve cells
Neuron and nueroglia
Neuron
Conducts
Classes
The functional unit of the nervous system
Conducts impulses from one body region to another
Many different classes so they are classified according to structure (form) or function (purposes)
Parts of a neuron
Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Hillock
Soma
Cell body
Axon
Length
Transmits
Have
Transmits information from the neuron to another neuron
The longest extension from a neuron
Transmits information by touching the soma or dendrite of another neuron
They have teliodendria that serve as contact points for synapse
Dendrites
Length
Serve
Number
Receive information”contact point” for a second neuron
Short extensions from the soma
Serve as contact-transmission points for the axon of another neuron
There may be one or multiple on a single neuron
Hillock
Region
Number
Implies root
Region that extend from the soma to form the axon or dendrites
Number of them determines the polarity of the neuron
Neuron with one hillock (axon or dendrite)
Two hillock (axon or dendrite)
More than two (axon and dendrite)
Uni-polar
Bi-polar
Mulitpolar neuron
Neuroglia cells
Size
Types
Nerve glue
Support the function of neurons and assist with creating the matrix/scaffold of the nervous system
Small cells but much more numerous than neurons
6 different types
Types of glial cells of the PNS
Satellite- found in dorsal root gangolian (DRG)
Schwan- the myelinating cell of the PNS
The diameter of axon/myelin increases the speed of
Transmission
Glial cells of the CNS
Ogliodendrocyte- the myelinating of the CNS. Different from the Schwab because the connect multiple nerve cells
Astrocyte- star cells, help create the blood brain barrier
Ependymal- line the ventricles of the brain
Microglia- phagocytic cells, can be found at areas of injury/damage
