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Biology 20 > Unit 3: Preparation > Flashcards

Unit 3: Preparation Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of cells are plants, animals, fungi, and protists made out of?

A

Eukaryotic Cell (They have a nucleus)

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2
Q

What is the size comparison between plant and animal cells?

A

In general, plant cells are larger than animal cells.

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3
Q

What distinguishes plant cell and animal cells?

A

Their cell wall and chloroplasts

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4
Q

What is a the function of a peroxisome in a plant?

A

A membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that convert fatty acids in seeds to sugars and held the cell use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

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5
Q

What does the peroxisome provide in a plant?

A

Created sugars to provide a useable food source for germinating plants

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6
Q

What is a central vacuole in a plant and what is its function?

A

A very large membrane bound fluid storage sac that gives added internal support to a plant cell and stores water and other molecules

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7
Q

What is a chloroplast in a plant and what is its function?

A

A plastic that gives green plants their color and converts the energy in sunlight into stored energy in carbohydrates during photosynthesis

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8
Q

What is a plastid?

A

Organelle used to synthesize or store food

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9
Q

What I actin filaments do in plant cells?

A

Form the cytoskeleton

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10
Q

What is included in the nucleus?

A

Nuclear Pore
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope

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11
Q

What is a cell wall and what is its function?

A

A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane that protects and supports the cell and allows materials to pass to and from the cell membrane through pore

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12
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

A structure that separates the cell interior from the outside world and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A gel like material consisting mostly of water that contains dissolved materials and creates the chemical environment in which the other cell structures work

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14
Q

What is the nucleus and what is its function?

A

The command center of the cell that contains the DNA blueprints for making proteins and is surrounded by a double membrane to protect the DNA from from potentially damaging byproducts of biochemical reactions

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15
Q

What are nuclear pores and what is their function?

A

Pores in the nuclear membrane large enough to allow macromolecules to enter and ribosomes to leave the nucleus

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16
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Uncoiled chromosomes (DNA)

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17
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

A specialized area of chromatin inside the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes

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18
Q

What are ribosomes and what are their function?

A

Tiny 2-part structures found throughout the cytoplasm that help put together proteins

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19
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of flattened membrane bound sacs and tubes continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus that has two types of membrane

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20
Q

What is different about rough ER?

A

It is studded with ribosomes and synthetic proteins

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21
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

It synthesizes phospholipids and packages macromolecules in vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell

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22
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

A stack of flattened membrane bound sacs that receives vesicles from the ER.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Recieve vesicles from the ER, contains enzymes for modifying proteins and lipids, package finished products into vesicles for transport to the cell membrane and within the cell as lysosomes

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24
Q

What is the Mitochondrion?

A

The powerhouse of the cell where organic materials, usually carbohydrates, are broken down inside a double membrane to release and transfer energy

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25
Q

What receives vesicles from the ER?

A

The Golgi Apparatus

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26
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

A membrane bound vesicle filled with digestive enzymes that can break down worn-out cell components or materials brought into the cell

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27
Q

What is a Peroxisome?

A

A membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that break down lipids and toxic waste products like alcohol

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28
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

An organelle located near the nucleus that organizes the cells the cell’s microtubules and helps to organize the even distribution of cell components when cells divide

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29
Q

What is Vesicle?

A

A small membrane bound transport sac

30
Q

What is a Vacuole?

A

A large membrane -bound, fluid filled sac for the temporary storage of food, water, or waste products

31
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

A network of three kinds of interconnected fibres that maintain cell shape and allow for movement of cell parts: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

32
Q

What does the cytoskeleton allow for the movement of?

A

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

33
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

It separates the internal environment of a cell from its external environment

34
Q

What are cell membranes composed of?

A

A double layer of phospholipid molecules

35
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water ex. Fats, oils, steroids like cholesterol

36
Q

How does each part of a phospholipid molecule react with water?

A

The head end dissolves easily in water while the tail end is insoluble in water

37
Q

What are the heads of a phospholipid exposed to?

A

Because they are on the outside, they are exposed to watery fluid outside and inside the cell

38
Q

How permeable is the cell membrane?

A

It is selectively permeable

39
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

It allows some molecules to pass through while preventing others from doing so

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The natural movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are more concentrated to one where they are less concentrated

41
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No, it is passive

42
Q

What does it mean when something moves down the concentration gradient?

A

It is the natural tendency of a substance to from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

43
Q

What is a gradient?

A

A general term that refers to a difference in quality between 2 regions

44
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Water inside the cell

45
Q

What extracellular fluid?

A

Water outside the cell

46
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of a solvent (water) across a semi-permeable membrane that separates 2 solutions

47
Q

What does it mean if a cell is isotonic?

A

If water concentration inside the equals water concentration outside the cell.

48
Q

What does it mean if a cell is hypotonic?

A

If water concentration outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, water moves into the cell

49
Q

What does it mean if a cell is hypertonic?

A

If water concentration inside the cell is greater than that outside the cell, water moves out of the cell

50
Q

Why can’t the cell membrane prevent the movement of water?

A

Because it is permeable to water molecules

51
Q

Why do some molecules need special transfer proteins to get in and out of the cell?

A

They may be too large

52
Q

What makes transport proteins selective?

A

The structure.

53
Q

What criteria do transport proteins use to allow molecules to use them?

A

It’s shape, size, and electrical charge

54
Q

What do carrier proteins help to move across the cell membrane?

A

They will only accept a non-charged molecule with a specific shape

55
Q

What do channel proteins help move across a membrane?

A

They transport charge particles

56
Q

What must a molecule have to pass through a channel protein?

A

It must be small enough to fit through the tunnel and have the right charge

57
Q

What gets repelled in channel proteins?

A

Like a magnet, positively charges proteins repel positively charged ions

58
Q

What are the 2 types of transport proteins?

A

Carrier protein

Channel protein

59
Q

What is active transport?

A

Using energy to enable a cell to take in a substance that is more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell

60
Q

Where does energy for active transport come from?

A

ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate

61
Q

What happen when one of 3 phosphates are split from ATP in a chemical reaction?

A

Energy is released that is harnessed to perform a cellular function

62
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

When a cell membrane folds inward, trapping and enclosing a small amount of matter from outside the cell

63
Q

What are the 3 forms of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor assisted endocytosis

64
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

The intake of a small droplet of extracellular flood along with any dissolved substance or tiny particles it may contain

65
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluid, often including bacteria or organic matter

66
Q

Which type of cell does phagocytosis take place?

A

This occurs in specialized cells, such as white blood cells in our immune system

67
Q

What is receptor-assisted endocytosis?

A

The intake of specific molecules that attach to special proteins in the cell membrane

68
Q

What do the membranes of receptor assisted proteins contain that are special to them?

A

A uniquely shaped cavity that fits the shape of one specific molecule

69
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of removing substances from the cell

70
Q

What happens in exocytosis?

A

A vesicle from inside the cell moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane. It then secretes the contents into the extra cellular fluid

Biology 20 (32 decks)

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