Chapter 6.1 Flashcards
What is the volume of fluid inside cells?
27 - 30 Litres
What is the volume of fluid between all cells?
11 - 13 Litres
What is the volume of fluid in blood?
3.0 - 3.5 Litres
What are the 3 main fluid compartments in the body?
Cytoplasm (inside the cell)
Fluid between the cells
The fluid in the blood
What are macromolecules?
Large complex assemblies of organic molecules
What are the 4 major categories of macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What are polymers?
Long molecules formed by linking many small, similar chemical subunits
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Energy storage
What is an example of lipid subunits?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What are the main functions of lipids?
Energy storage and cell membranes
What is an example of subunits within protein?
Polymers of amino acids
What are the main functions of proteins?
Transport Blood clotting Support Immunity Catalysis Muscle Action
What are examples of proteins?
Hemoglobin Fibrin Collagen Antibodies Enzymes Actin Myosin
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
Transfer and expression of genetic information
What are examples of Nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
How are macromolecules assembled?
In a process called dehydration synthesis
What happens in dehydration synthesis?
an OH groups is removed from one subunit and a H is moved from another subunit. Basically removing a molecule of water
What process do cells use to disassemble macromolecules?
Hydrolysis
How does hydrolysis work?
A hydrogen group from water is added to a subunit and a OH group from water is added to another sub unit. Breaking a covalent bond
What are carbohydrates?
Macromolecules that always contain, carbon and oxygen
What is the proportion that carbohydrates always come in?
2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen for every atom of carbon
What do carbohydrates provide?
Short-term or long-term energy storage
What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars and polysaccharides
What is a simple sugar?
A Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms (and corresponding number of Hydrogen and Oxygen)
What is a polysaccharide?
A complex carbohydrate that consists of many linked simple sugars
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
What does starch do in plants?
Performs the energy storage
What does glycogen do in animals?
Performs the energy storage
What are lipids?
A diverse group of macromolecules that are insoluble in water
How much energy do lipids store?
2.25 times more per gram than biological molecules
What kind of macromolecules are steroids?
Lipids
What types of lipids are solid at room temp?
Butter and lard that are usually of animal origin
What types of lipids are liquid at room temp?
Olive oil and safflower oil that are usually of plant origin
How do fats and oils form?
When a glycerol molecule reacts with 3 fatty acid molecules
What is another name form a fat?
A triglyceride
What is a natural fat?
A fat that is non-polar
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that does have a covalent bond between carbon atoms so it contains all the hydrogen atoms
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that has double bonds between carbon leaving room for additional hydrogens
What are most cellular structures made up of?
Proteins
What do proteins do?
Serve many functions in the cell are more complex and diverse than lipids and carbohydrates
What are the subunits in proteins?
Amino Acids
What are amino acids composed of?
A central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen and three other groups of atoms (amino group, acid group, and R group)
What is the function R group in amino acids?
Determines identity and is what distinguishes the 20 types of amino acids from one another
How many amino acids can the body synthesize?
11 of the 20. The rest come from diet and are called essential amino acids
What do bonded amino acids form?
Proteins
What are amino acids bonded by?
A peptide bond
What is a peptide?
A chain of many amino acids bonded together, See polypeptide
What changes must a chain of amino acids undergo to become a protein?
They attract and repel each other causing it to coil and twist. Resulting in a 3D structure
What happens if an R group is electrically charged?
They are attracted to water, so they end up on the outside of the final protein structure
What are examples of proteins with R groups on the outside that are soluble in water?
Enzymes and Hemoglobin
What happens when R groups are not electrically charged?
They are on the indie of the protein away from water in the bodies internal environment
What do nucleic acids do?
Direct the growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code
What do nucleic acids determine?
How the cell functions and what characteristics it has
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
What are the subunits of Nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are DNA and RNA made up of?
4 different nucleotides
What do nucleotides consist of?
A five carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group
What are vitamins and minerals essential to?
The structure and function of all cells. They are also key components of many chemical reactions
What else do vitamins serve as?
Coenzymes
What are coenzymes?
Chemicals needed to make enzymes function
What type of compounds are minerals?
Inorganic compounds
What do minerals do?
Enable certain chemical reactions to occur and help to build bones and cartilage
Why doesn’t increasing temperature for a chemical reaction work?
Because if this happened they would permanently dunure proteins (they would lose their shape). This could happen if a person has a high fever
What is a catalyst?
A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not used in a reaction
How do catalysts function?
By lowering the amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction
What is an enzyme?
A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst
What does each enzyme in the body have?
A specific 3 dimensional shape that is specific to the kind of reactant molecule it can combine with
What is a substrate?
The reactant molecule that an enzyme physically fits with
What is the part of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate called?
The active site
What happens when the substrate bonds to the active site?
It becomes less stable and more likely to be altered to form new bonds
What 2 factor affect enzyme action?
Temperature and pH
What happens to enzymes at lower temperatures?
The bonds that determine enzyme shape are not flexible enough to enable substrate molecules to fit properly
What happens to enzymes at higher temperature?
The bonds are too weak to maintain the enzymes shape. It becomes denatured
What pH do most enzymes function best in?
6 to 8
What are inhibitors?
Molecules that attach to enzymes and rece their ability to bind to a substrate
What are the 2 types of inhibitors?
Competitive and non-competitive
How do competitive inhibitors work?
They bond to the active site of the enzyme at the same time as the substrate blocking the reaction
Where do end inhibitors come from?
They are the end products of enzymatic reactions. As there are more chemical reactions there are more end products that bind to the enzyme
What do non-competitive enzymes do?
They attach elsewhere on the enzyme, away from the active site change the 3D shape of the enzyme including the active site. Then the substrate cannot bond
