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Biology 20 > Chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the volume of fluid inside cells?

A

27 - 30 Litres

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2
Q

What is the volume of fluid between all cells?

A

11 - 13 Litres

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3
Q

What is the volume of fluid in blood?

A

3.0 - 3.5 Litres

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4
Q

What are the 3 main fluid compartments in the body?

A

Cytoplasm (inside the cell)
Fluid between the cells
The fluid in the blood

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5
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large complex assemblies of organic molecules

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6
Q

What are the 4 major categories of macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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7
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules formed by linking many small, similar chemical subunits

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8
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage

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9
Q

What is an example of lipid subunits?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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10
Q

What are the main functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage and cell membranes

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11
Q

What is an example of subunits within protein?

A

Polymers of amino acids

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12
Q

What are the main functions of proteins?

A 
Transport
Blood clotting
Support
Immunity
Catalysis
Muscle Action
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13
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A 
Hemoglobin
Fibrin
Collagen
Antibodies
Enzymes
Actin
Myosin
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14
Q

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

Transfer and expression of genetic information

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15
Q

What are examples of Nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

How are macromolecules assembled?

A

In a process called dehydration synthesis

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17
Q

What happens in dehydration synthesis?

A

an OH groups is removed from one subunit and a H is moved from another subunit. Basically removing a molecule of water

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18
Q

What process do cells use to disassemble macromolecules?

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

How does hydrolysis work?

A

A hydrogen group from water is added to a subunit and a OH group from water is added to another sub unit. Breaking a covalent bond

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20
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Macromolecules that always contain, carbon and oxygen

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21
Q

What is the proportion that carbohydrates always come in?

A

2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen for every atom of carbon

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22
Q

What do carbohydrates provide?

A

Short-term or long-term energy storage

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23
Q

What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars and polysaccharides

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24
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

A Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms (and corresponding number of Hydrogen and Oxygen)

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25
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A complex carbohydrate that consists of many linked simple sugars

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26
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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27
Q

What does starch do in plants?

A

Performs the energy storage

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28
Q

What does glycogen do in animals?

A

Performs the energy storage

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29
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of macromolecules that are insoluble in water

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30
Q

How much energy do lipids store?

A

2.25 times more per gram than biological molecules

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31
Q

What kind of macromolecules are steroids?

A

Lipids

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32
Q

What types of lipids are solid at room temp?

A

Butter and lard that are usually of animal origin

33
Q

What types of lipids are liquid at room temp?

A

Olive oil and safflower oil that are usually of plant origin

34
Q

How do fats and oils form?

A

When a glycerol molecule reacts with 3 fatty acid molecules

35
Q

What is another name form a fat?

A

A triglyceride

36
Q

What is a natural fat?

A

A fat that is non-polar

37
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that does have a covalent bond between carbon atoms so it contains all the hydrogen atoms

38
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that has double bonds between carbon leaving room for additional hydrogens

39
Q

What are most cellular structures made up of?

A

Proteins

40
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Serve many functions in the cell are more complex and diverse than lipids and carbohydrates

41
Q

What are the subunits in proteins?

A

Amino Acids

42
Q

What are amino acids composed of?

A

A central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen and three other groups of atoms (amino group, acid group, and R group)

43
Q

What is the function R group in amino acids?

A

Determines identity and is what distinguishes the 20 types of amino acids from one another

44
Q

How many amino acids can the body synthesize?

A

11 of the 20. The rest come from diet and are called essential amino acids

45
Q

What do bonded amino acids form?

A

Proteins

46
Q

What are amino acids bonded by?

A

A peptide bond

47
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A chain of many amino acids bonded together, See polypeptide

48
Q

What changes must a chain of amino acids undergo to become a protein?

A

They attract and repel each other causing it to coil and twist. Resulting in a 3D structure

49
Q

What happens if an R group is electrically charged?

A

They are attracted to water, so they end up on the outside of the final protein structure

50
Q

What are examples of proteins with R groups on the outside that are soluble in water?

A

Enzymes and Hemoglobin

51
Q

What happens when R groups are not electrically charged?

A

They are on the indie of the protein away from water in the bodies internal environment

52
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Direct the growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code

53
Q

What do nucleic acids determine?

A

How the cell functions and what characteristics it has

54
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

55
Q

What are the subunits of Nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

56
Q

What are DNA and RNA made up of?

A

4 different nucleotides

57
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

A five carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group

58
Q

What are vitamins and minerals essential to?

A

The structure and function of all cells. They are also key components of many chemical reactions

59
Q

What else do vitamins serve as?

A

Coenzymes

60
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Chemicals needed to make enzymes function

61
Q

What type of compounds are minerals?

A

Inorganic compounds

62
Q

What do minerals do?

A

Enable certain chemical reactions to occur and help to build bones and cartilage

63
Q

Why doesn’t increasing temperature for a chemical reaction work?

A

Because if this happened they would permanently dunure proteins (they would lose their shape). This could happen if a person has a high fever

64
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not used in a reaction

65
Q

How do catalysts function?

A

By lowering the amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction

66
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst

67
Q

What does each enzyme in the body have?

A

A specific 3 dimensional shape that is specific to the kind of reactant molecule it can combine with

68
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant molecule that an enzyme physically fits with

69
Q

What is the part of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate called?

A

The active site

70
Q

What happens when the substrate bonds to the active site?

A

It becomes less stable and more likely to be altered to form new bonds

71
Q

What 2 factor affect enzyme action?

A

Temperature and pH

72
Q

What happens to enzymes at lower temperatures?

A

The bonds that determine enzyme shape are not flexible enough to enable substrate molecules to fit properly

73
Q

What happens to enzymes at higher temperature?

A

The bonds are too weak to maintain the enzymes shape. It becomes denatured

74
Q

What pH do most enzymes function best in?

A

6 to 8

75
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules that attach to enzymes and rece their ability to bind to a substrate

76
Q

What are the 2 types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive and non-competitive

77
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A

They bond to the active site of the enzyme at the same time as the substrate blocking the reaction

78
Q

Where do end inhibitors come from?

A

They are the end products of enzymatic reactions. As there are more chemical reactions there are more end products that bind to the enzyme

79
Q

What do non-competitive enzymes do?

A

They attach elsewhere on the enzyme, away from the active site change the 3D shape of the enzyme including the active site. Then the substrate cannot bond

Biology 20 (32 decks)

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