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Biology 20 > Chapter 8.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 8.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the other transport system in the body known as?

A

The lymphatic system

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic circulatory system?

A

A network of vessels with associated glands or nodes that extend throughout the body

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3
Q

What do the lymphatic vessels collect?

A

A fluid called lymph which is made of interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What color is lymph?

A

Colorless or pale yellow. It is much like the plasma in blood

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5
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Helps to maintain the balance of fluid in the body

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6
Q

How does plasma enter the interstitial fluid?

A

As blood circulates through the body, some plasma escapes from the capillaries and becomes part of the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells of the body

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7
Q

What does plasma that leaks from the capillaries go?

A

From the interstitial fluid it is absorbed into the lymphatic system. Eventually it re-enters the circulatory system through ducts that empty into large veins near the heart

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8
Q

What do lymph formations look like?

A

Since they are not a continuous cycle, they form close ended tubes around capillaries that are to be delivered to the heart

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9
Q

Where are specialized lymph capillaries found?

A

In the intestinal villi. They help to carry digested fats throughout the body

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10
Q

How does the lymphatic system work with white blood cells?

A

They allow lymphocytes (white blood cells) to mature in lymph nodes

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11
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

Aside from allowing white blood cells to mature in them, they contain macrophages

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12
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

They trap and destroy bacteria that are circulating within the body

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13
Q

What does an infection cause your immune system to do?

A

Increase the number of macrophages and lymphocytes in your lymph nodes

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14
Q

How does the human body defend itself against pathogens?

A

By either preventing them from entering or destroying them if they do enter

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15
Q

What are the 3 groups of the bodies defence of pathogens?

A
  • Barriers to keep pathogens out
  • General or non-specific defences against a wide variety of pathogens
  • Specific defenses against particular pathogens
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16
Q

What are the common physical and chemical barriers against pathogens?

A

Eyelashes
Cilia
Tears
Stomach Acid

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17
Q

What is the largest barrier against pathogens?

A

The skin

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18
Q

Why is the skin a hostile environment for micro-organisms?

A

Because it is dry and contains large amounts of tough indigestible keratin

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19
Q

What does the skin’s oil contain?

A

Bactericides. Perspiration also forms an acidic layer that is inhospitable for microbial growth

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20
Q

What is the second line of defence in the body?

A

Non-specific defenses

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21
Q

What is the non-specific defenses made up of?

A

3 types of white blood cells called macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes

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22
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

A non-specific defense where 3 types of white blood cells are released

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23
Q

What do neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages do?

A

They are white blood cells that kill bacteria using phagocytosis

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24
Q

How are macrophages made?

A

They develop from monocytes

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25
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Liver, Spleen, Brain, Lungs, and circulate in the blood and interstitial fluid

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26
Q

What does non-specific defense also include?

A

Natural killer cells which target body cells that have become cancerous or infected by viruses

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27
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense called?

A

Immunity

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28
Q

What is immunity developed by?

A

The actions of specific defenses that use antibodies

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29
Q

What is antibody-mediated defenses?

A

A specific defence using antibodies

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30
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that recognize foreign substances and act to neutralize or destroy them

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31
Q

Why does each person develop an immune system?

A

Because of exposure to foreign substances and variation in genetic makeup

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32
Q

Why do some diseases require a stronger response than others?

A

Because they are more virulent than others

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33
Q

What is the specific immune system primarily a function of?

A

Lymphocytes in the circulatory system

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34
Q

What are the 2 specific groups that lymphocytes are divided into?

A

Depending on where they mature they may be B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells)

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35
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

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36
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

The thymus gland which is located near the heart

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37
Q

Why does the body catalogue molecules in the body?

A

So that the body can recognize proteins and other molecules as part of itself and not attack itself

38
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules that are found on the surface of the cells and pathogens

39
Q

What do antigens do?

A

Provide an identification system

40
Q

What do antigen receptors on T and B cells do?

A

Allow them to recognize foreign antigens and begin responding to invasion

41
Q

Why do antibodies have the same shape of an antigen receptor?

A

So they can bind with and neutralize antigens

42
Q

Why does an injury become warm and swollen?

A

The second line of defense, non-phagocytic leukocytes release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate

43
Q

What does puss come from at the site of an infection?

A

When phagocytic macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, dead macrophages and bacteria look like pus

44
Q

When does the 3rd line of defense occur?

A

After the pathogen has been destroyed. When the antigens from the pathogens protrude from the macrophage

45
Q

What happens after macrophages have killed bacteria?

A

The 3rd line of defense begins when the T cell bind to the antigens on the surface of the macrophage.

46
Q

What happens when the T cells bind with the antigen?

A

This triggers the release of T cells to multiply and destroy infected tissue

47
Q

What do the B cells do?

A

The antibodies of B cells bind to antigens killing pathogens

48
Q

What happens when T cells and B cells unite?

A

This union activates B cells causing it to enlarge and divide which produces plasma and memory cells

49
Q

What does the plasma do in the 3rd line of defense?

A

They produce antibodies that are were created by the B cell at a rate of 2000 per a second and release them into the blood stream.

50
Q

Where do antibodies and memory B cells go?

A

They remain in the blood ready to fight a new infection by the same pathogen

51
Q

Why do different B cells produce different antibodies?

A

To increase variation and the possibility that the body will have an antibody that can recognize and bind to an invading pathogen

52
Q

What happens when a pathogen is destroyed by phagocytosis?

A

Antigens from pathogen move to the surface of the macrophage that destroyed it.

53
Q

What happens when the antigens are present on the surface of the macrogens that destroyed a pathogen?

A

A T cell called a helper T cell recognizes the antigen and gives off chemical signals

54
Q

What do the chemical signals that the helper T cell give of do?

A

Stimulates the action of macrophages, B cells and other T cells

55
Q

What is another name for killer T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

56
Q

What do killer T cells do?

A

Bind with infected cells and destroy them by puncturing a hole in their cell membranes

57
Q

How are killer T cells activated?

A

Indirectly by chemical signals from helper T cells or directly by the presence of an invading pathogen and the associated antigen

58
Q

What do suppressor T cells do?

A

Slow and suppress the process of cellular immunity to ensure that normal tissue does not get destroyed

59
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Remain in the blood stream and are able to act quickly if the antigen is encountered again

60
Q

What is a blood transfusion?

A

A transfer of blood from in person into the blood of another

61
Q

Why are only certain types of blood compatible?

A

Because red blood cell membranes carry specific antigens to blood recipients

62
Q

What are the most common antigens found on red blood cells?

A

ABO

63
Q

How does the ABO system determine blood type?

A

By the presence or absence of type A and type B antigens on red blood cells

64
Q

What are the presence or absence of antigens influenced by?

A

Antigens are an inherited characteristic

65
Q

What type of a blood does a person with a type A antigen have?

A

Type A Blood

66
Q

What type of blood does a person with type B antigens?

A

Type B blood

67
Q

What type of antigens does a person with AB blood have?

A

Both A and B antigens

68
Q

What type of antigens does a person with type O blood have?

A

They have no antigens

69
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type A blood have?

A

Anti-B antibodies in the plasma

70
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type B blood have?

A

Anti-A antibodies in the plasma

71
Q

What type of antibodies does a person with type O blood have?

A

Both anti-A bodies and anti-B bodies

72
Q

When do antibodies in the blood appear?

A

They appear within several months after birth

73
Q

What can the presence of the antibodies cause?

A

Agglutination

74
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping of red blood cells when that occurs when incompatible blood types mix

75
Q

What can happen as a result of agglutinated red blood cells?

A

They can clog vessels blocking circulation causing severe damage to organs

76
Q

What type of antibody does type AB blood have?

A

They have no antibody

77
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens that can be recognized by the body’s immune system

78
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them

79
Q

What is another group of antigens found on red blood cells called?

A

The Rh factor

80
Q

What are people with Rh factor termed?

A

Rh positive (Rh+)

81
Q

What are people without the Rh factor in the red blood cells called?

A

Rh negative (Rh-)

82
Q

What do people without the Rh factor usually not have?

A

Antibodies to the Rh factor?

83
Q

When can people make antibodies to the Rh factor?

A

When they are exposed to the Rh factor during pregnancy or a blood transfusion

84
Q

How does a mother make the Rh factor antibody?

A

The baby can be Rh positive, the Rh+ blood cells can leak across the placenta into the mother’s bloodstream. This causes the mother to immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies

85
Q

What can happen to a baby after a subsequent regarding Rh-antibodies?

A

The anti-Rh antibodies can leak may leak across the placenta and destroy a child’s red blood cells

86
Q

What is hemolytic disease of a newborn (HDN)?

A

When a mother has anti-Rh antibodies and this leaks across the placenta and destroy a child’s red blood cells

87
Q

What can HDN lead to?

A

Brain damage, deafness, and death

88
Q

What happens as red blood cells break down in HDN?

A

The liver produces a substance called bilirubin in excess, that bilirubin up in the baby’s blood and tissues

89
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A pigment produced by the liver that causes a baby’s blood tissues to turn yellow. Or become jaundiced

90
Q

What is the treatment for HDN?

A

Blood transfusions for the child or inducing early labor to prevent the situation from becoming worse

91
Q

How is the Rh problem prevented?

A

By injecting Rh- women with an antibody preparation against the Rh factor within 72 hours after the birth of an Rh + child

Biology 20 (32 decks)

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