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Biology 20 > Chapter 9.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 9.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the water reabsorbed from filtrate do?

A

Influences 2 important characteristics of blood

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2
Q

What 2 things does water reabsorbed from filtrate influence in blood?

A

Its volume and its concentration of plasma solutes

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3
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The force generated as water moves by osmosis

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4
Q

What does blood volume influence?

A

Blood pressure and thus the health of the cardiovascular system

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5
Q

How is the concentration of solutes in the blood affected by water?

A

It is not affected by the amount of water ingested. It remains constant

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6
Q

What does the body do in response to the amount of water taken in by the body?

A

If water is scarce the kidneys conserve water by producing concentrated urine
If water is plentiful the kidneys allow more water to pass into the urine

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7
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

Cells that are sensitive to osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Where are osmoreceptors found?

A

In the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The part of the brain that regulates hunger, thirst, blood pressure, body temperature, fluid balance, and salt balance. Or the part of the body that regulates homestasis

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10
Q

What happens to osmotic pressure when blood plasma becomes too concentrated (dehydration)?

A

Osmotic pressure increases

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11
Q

What happens in the hypothalamus in response to an increase in osmotic pressure?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus send impulses to the pituitary gland that causes the release of an antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone released by the pituitary gland do?

A

Inhibits the excretion of urine by traveling through the blood and to the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct.

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13
Q

What does the increase of permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct do?

A

Allows more water to be reabsorbed into the blood

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14
Q

What happens when more water is reabsorbed into the blood?

A

It dilutes the blood and lowers osmotic pressure to normal

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15
Q

What happens to osmoreceptors if blood plasma is to dilute?

A

They stop or prevent the release of ADH by making the distal tubule and the collecting duct less permeable to water

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16
Q

What happens when the distal tubule and the collecting duct is less permeable to water?

A

It allows more water to be excreted in urine concentrating solutes in the blood

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17
Q

When happens when the solutes in the blood become concentrated enough for the body?

A

The osmotic pressure of plasma and tissue fluids rise to normal

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18
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A condition where ADH activity is insufficient and a person urinates excessively

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19
Q

What happens as a result of diabetes insipidus?

A

Thirst is intense but water is excreted more quickly than consumed

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20
Q

What does diabetes insipidus lead to?

A

Severe dehydration and ion imbalances

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21
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?

A

Taking synthetic ADH

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22
Q

What is an example of a common diuretic?

A

Ethanol in alcoholic beverages

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23
Q

How does alcohol stimulate urine production?

A

By increasing water loss through urination by decreasing ADH release which decreases permeability of tubules and collecting ducts

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24
Q

What does drinking an alcoholic beverage do to thirst?

A

Because it increases water loss to urine it intensifies thirst which leads to dehydration

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25
Q

How do the kidneys regulate salt balance in the blood?

A

By controlling the excretion and reabsorption of ions

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26
Q

What is the most abundant ion in the plasma?

A

Sodium ion

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27
Q

What is a drop in sodium ion concentration compensated by?

A

The kidneys under the influence of the hormone aldosterone

28
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates distal tubule and collecting ducts to reabsorb the sodium ions

29
Q

What is the reabsorption of sodium ions followed by?

A

Chloride ions and water

30
Q

What is the net effect of aldosterone?

A

it retains salt and water because when it is reabsorbed water follows

31
Q

How does aldosterone affect potassium ions?

A

It stimulates the secretion of potassium ions into the distal tubules and collecting ducts if concentration in the blood is too high

32
Q

What is the regular pH of the blood?

A

7.4

33
Q

How does the acid base buffer system prevent changes in the body’s pH?

A

By adding or removing hydrogen

34
Q

What do the key reactions in the acid base buffer system involve?

A

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

35
Q

What does an increase in H+ do to the body’s pH?

A

Decreases the pH

36
Q

Which reaction helps to prevent major changes in blood pH?

A

The reaction of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions and H+ or the reaction of carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide

37
Q

What is the acid base buffer reaction aided by?

A

An increased breathing rate that pulls the reaction of carbonic acid to produce CO2 quicker

38
Q

What is the reaction of the acid base buffer system?

A

H + HCO3← → H2CO3← → H2O + CO2

pH increases ← → pH decreases

39
Q

What are the mechanisms of acid base control aided by?

A

The mechanisms of the kidneys

40
Q

What happens if the blood is too acidic in the kidneys?

A

H+ is excreted and HCO3 is reabsorbed in the kidneys

41
Q

What happens if the blood is too basic in the kidneys?

A

H+ is not excreted and HCO3 is not reabsorbed

42
Q

What does the composition of urine reflect?

A

The amount of solutes that the kidneys removed or retained to maintain homeostasis

43
Q

When can glucose occur in urine?

A

After a sugary meal

44
Q

When can proteins occur in urine?

A

After vigorous exercise

45
Q

What are ketones?

A

Acids that result from digestion of fats when the body lacks sufficient stores of carbohydrates

46
Q

What do ketones result from?

A

Short term fast or a specially designed low carbohydrate diet

47
Q

What is the most common disorders of the excretory system?

A

Urinary Tract infections

48
Q

What is cystitis?

A

When the bladder has a bacterial or viral infection

49
Q

What is urethritis?

A

When the urethra has a bacterial or viral infection

50
Q

Why are urinary tract infections more common in women?

A

Because of anatomy. In women the anus and urethra are closer together allowing bacteria to get there easier

51
Q

What are symptoms of a uti?

A

Painful burning during urination
A need to urinate frequently
Bloody or brown urine

52
Q

What is treatment for UTIs?

A

Antibiotics sometimes if serious surgery is needed

53
Q

What are kidney stones due to?

A

Excess calcium in the urine

54
Q

What contributes to kidney stone formation?

A

Repeated UTI’s
Insufficient water consumption
Low activity levels

55
Q

What is renal insufficiency?

A

A general term used to describe the state in which kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to damgae of the nephrons

56
Q

What are causes of nephron damage?

A 
Kidney infection
HBP
Diabetes Mellitus
Trauma
Poisoning
Atherosclerosis
Blockage of the tubules
57
Q

What is dialysis?

A

The diffusion of dissolved substances through a semi permeable membrane

58
Q

What are the 2 types of renal dialysis?

A

Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis

59
Q

What does hemodialysis?

A

Utilizing an artificial membrane in an external device that is connected to an artery and a vein

60
Q

What does peritoneal dialysis utilize?

A

The lining of the intestines

61
Q

What happens in peritoneal dialysis?

A

Dialysate is introduced to the abdominal cavity where there is a large surface area and a rich supply of blood. this is where blood is filtered

62
Q

What 2 sources can transplant organs come from?

A

Cadavers and live donors

63
Q

Why can’t anti rejection drugs be used for kidney transplants?

A

Because they cause kidney damage

64
Q

What is one of the main reasons that kidneys fail?

A

High Blood Pressure

65
Q

Why does high blood pressure cause kidney failure?

A

HBP causes the heart to pump a greater volume of blood and blood vessels to be damaged. Vessels in the kidneys are very sensitive to changes and can become damaged by HBP and the amount of waste that can be filtered decreases

66
Q

What can happen as a result of fluid accumulates in the body due to kidney failure?

A

The extra fluid will increase blood volume and cause blood pressure to rise further

67
Q

Why is exercise effective for blood pressure?

A

It stimulates the release of nitric oxide that is produced by the cells on the inside of blood vessels

Biology 20 (32 decks)

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