UNIT 3: Kingdom Plantae

Question 1

Plants are

Answer 1

All multicellular

All photosynthetic

Question 2

Cotyledon

Answer 2

Embryonic seed leaf

In early stage of plant development, cotyledons are used as a food source / photosynthesis

Question 3

Monocotyledons

Answer 3

Have one embryonic seed leaf

Question 4

Dicotyledons

Answer 4

Two embryonic seed leafs

Question 5

Dermal tissue

Answer 5

Outer covering.

Functions in protection , gas exchange or absorption of water and minerals (depending on location)

Question 6

Ground tissue

Answer 6

Makes up the bulk of the plant .

Functions in photosynthesis, storage or support (depending on its location)

Question 7

Vascular tissues

Answer 7

Composed of xylem and phloem tissue

Functions in water and mineral transport (xylem) and food transport (phloem)

Question 8

Meristematic tissue

Answer 8

Develops into each of the three types of tissue

Question 9

Meristem

Answer 9

Composed of unspecialised cells that are continuously dividing by mitosis

Question 10

Shoot system

Answer 10

Consists of stem, branches, petioles, buds, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits. 
Functions: 
- photosynthesis 
- support 
- transport 
- sexual reproduction
- food storage 
- gas exchange

Question 11

Stem

Answer 11

Functions mainly in support and transport - but can function in photosynthesis ( if it is herbaceous). Also functions in growth.
Divided into nodes and internodes.
Nodes - regions where branching occurs 
Internodes - where no branching occurs
Have lenticels

Question 12

Lenticels

Answer 12

Small pores on the stem that function in gas exchange

Question 13

Leaf

Answer 13

• thin organ with a large surface area.
• organ that makes food.
• contains the green pigment, chlorophyll
• the outer dermal layer secretes a waxy cuticle to prevent excess water loss.
• organ that also functions in transpiration

Question 14

Parallel leaf veins

Answer 14

Veins run parallel, the entire length of the leaf e.g. grass, tulip, daffodil.
Most monocot plants have parallel Venetian

Question 15

Net/ reticulate leaf vein

Answer 15

Veins spread out from a central vein called the midrib

Most dicot plants have net or reticulate venation

Question 16

Internal leaf structure

Answer 16

• the leaf contains many internal air spaces that gives greater surface area for gas exchange.
• the cells that make up the internal area contain many chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis
• the lower dermal layer has many pores, called stomata
• stomata openings and closing is controlled by guard cells

Question 17

Flower arrangement between monocots and dicots

Answer 17

• monocots have flower parts arranged in multiples of three.

- dicots have flower parts arranged into multiples of four / five

Question 18

Bud

Answer 18

Undeveloped shoot

Question 19

Axillary bud

Answer 19

Present at the axil of leaf (between stem and petiole)

Question 20

Apical bud

Answer 20

Present at the tip of the plant or the tip of a branch

Question 21

Adventitious bud

Answer 21

Present in an unusual area of the plant - such as the stem, branch, root or even leaf

Question 22

Root system

Answer 22

A network of underground branches that have various functions.

• anchorage
• absorbing water and minerals
• transport of absorbed water and minerals to the shoot system
• storage of food
• support

Question 23

Tap root system

Answer 23

One main root growing downwards with small secondary roots e.g. carrot, dandelion

Question 24

Fibrous root system

Answer 24

Main roots of equal size e.g. grass

Question 25

Adventitious root system

Answer 25

Roots that grow in usual places such as the stem or branches e.g. ivy

Question 26

Zone of protection

Answer 26

Consists of a root cap, enabling the root to push its way through the ground

Question 27

Meristematic zone

Answer 27

Consists of meristematic tissue that divides rapidly by mitosis, creating new root tissue

Question 28

Zone of elongation

Answer 28

Area of the root affected by growth regulators, where the cells increase in size

Question 29

Zone of differentiation

Answer 29

Area of the root where unspecialised cells start to become specialised, becoming ground, dermal and vascular tissues.

Question 30

Vascular system

Answer 30

Composed of xylem and phloem.

Question 31

Xylem

Answer 31

- A dead tissue - there is no cytoplasm and no nuclei in xylem tissue. - contains lignin that gives the tissue high strength. - transports water and dissolved minerals upwards. - composed of two types of cell: tracheids and vessels

Question 32

Phloem

Answer 32

- A living tissue - transports foods upwards and downwards, depending on where the food is needed. - composed of companion cells and phloem sieve tubes