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Biology > UNIT 3: Kingdom Monera > Flashcards

UNIT 3: Kingdom Monera Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria

A

Ubiquitous
Most numerous living organism on earth.
Prokaryotes - no membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Structure of bacteria

A

Have a cell wall and cell membrane, but no organelles.

Many bacteria have an additional layer of protection called the capsule and flagella (for movement)

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3
Q

Capsule

A

Slime layer for protection

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4
Q

Cell wall

A

Structure and protection

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable controlling what enters and leaves the cell

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6
Q

Flagellum

A

Movement

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA and protein carrying genes

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid portion of the cell in which all metabolic reactions occur

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10
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular piece of DNA that gives the bacterium special traits such as antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

Spherical bacteria

A

Round and spherical in shape e.g. staphylococcus aureus (bacterium normally present on human skin)

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12
Q

Spiral bacteria

A

Spiral or helical shape e.g. helicobacter pylori (bacterium that often causes stomach ulcers)

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13
Q

Rod bacteria

A

Elongated rod shape e.g. lactobacillus casei (bacterium found in milk)

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14
Q

Bacterial reproduction

A

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission

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15
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction in bacteria

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16
Q

Endospore

A

Thick, tough-walled, dormant and dehydrated bacterial cell formed during unsuitable conditions

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17
Q

Process of endospore formation

A
  • conditions become unfavourable for the bacterial cell.
  • cell undergoes asymmetrical binary fission with the smaller cell being engulfed by the larger cell.
  • thick wall, called the cortex, forms around the engulfed cell.
  • outer coat forms around the cortex
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18
Q

Nutrition in bacteria

A

Nutrition - way in which organisms obtain and use food

  1. Autotrophic
  2. Heterotrophic
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19
Q

Autotrophic nutrition

A

Way in which organisms make their own food.

20
Q

Autotrophic nutrition (chemosynthetic nutrition)

A

Way in which bacteria make their own food from inorganic chemicals e.g. nitrifying bacteria produce nitrates (used in protein synthesis) from ammonia.

21
Q

Autotrophic nutrition (photosynthetic nutrition)

A

Way in which bacteria use sunlight to make their own food e.g. purple sulphur bacteria produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using light energy

22
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition

A

Way in which organisms obtain their food from other organisms

23
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition (saprophytic nutrition)

A

Way in which bacteria feed off dead organic matter e.g. bacteria of decay

24
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition (parasitic nutrition)

A

Way in which bacteria feed directly off living organisms e.g. E.Coli

25
Q

Factors effecting bacterial growth

A 
Temperature 
Oxygen concentration
Ph
External solute concentrations 
Pressure
26
Q

Temperature

A

Lower temperatures mean lower enzyme activity and a much slower rate of bacterial binary fission

27
Q

Oxygen concentration

A

Most bacteria need oxygen to survive (aerobic bacteria).

  • There are bacteria that are killed by oxygen called obligate anaerobic bacteria.
  • There are bacteria that cannot use oxygen but tolerate its presence called aero tolerant anaerobic bacteria.
  • There are bacteria that can use oxygen but do not depend on it called facultative anaerobic bacteria.
28
Q

pH

A

Changes in pH effect enzyme function meaning pH values outside of optimum mean that certain bacteria cannot survive.
Most bacteria require a neutral pH.
There are bacteria that can survive in very acidic conditions called acidophiles.
There are bacteria that can survive in very alkaline conditions called alkaliphiles.

29
Q

External solute concentrations

A

The concentrations of the solution surrounding the cell effects the rate of osmosis.
If osmosis occurs too quickly in either direction (in or out of the cell) then the cell may die

30
Q

Pressure

A

Fluid pressure effects all living organisms.
High pressures are used by many companies in the food industry to sterilise (kill micro organisms) the food.
High pressure kills microorganisms by breaking the cell wall and cell membranes

31
Q

Growth curve of microorganisms

A
  1. Lab phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Decline phase
  5. Survival phase
32
Q

Lag phase

A

Microorganisms are adjusting to a newly colonised environment

33
Q

Log phase

A

Microorganisms start to reproduce exponentially

34
Q

Stationary phase

A

Nutrients begin to run out / toxins begin to build up causing reproduction to slow down and death to increase

35
Q

Decline phase

A

Death of microorganisms is at a higher rate than reproduction due to build up in toxins

36
Q

Survival phase

A

Some microorganisms produce endospores and can survive the harsh conditions

37
Q

Beneficial bacteria

A

Lactic acid bacteria

E. Coli

38
Q

Lactic acid bacteria

A

Bacteria found in dairy products that help in the production of many diary products. They also colonise our digestive systems producing lactic acid and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria

39
Q

E Coli

A

Bacteria of the large intestine are responsible for producing vitamins

40
Q

Harmful bacteria

A

Strep throat bacteria

Tuberculosis bacteria

41
Q

Strep throat bacteria

A

Cause of sore throat and scarlet fever

42
Q

Tuberculosis bacteria

A

Cause of tuberculosis

43
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other microorganisms without damaging human tissue

44
Q

Overuse of antibiotics

A

Has led to the emergence of emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria strains such as MRSA.
Resistance to antibiotics occurs when one bacterium in a population develops a mutation that enables it to avoid the effects of the antibiotics.
This one bacterium then divides to form a new colony of resistant bacteria that are unaffected by the antibiotic

45
Q

Food processing

A

Taking raw ingredients and converting them to food fit for consumption

Biology (38 decks)

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