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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 3 - Experimentation > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Experimentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is validity?

A

variables controlled so that any
measured effect is likely to be due to the
independent variable.

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2
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistent values in repeats and
independent replicates.

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3
Q

What is accuracy?

A

data, or means of data sets, are
close to the true value.

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4
Q

What is precision?

A

measured values are close to each
other.

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5
Q

What is a pilot study?

A
  • help plan procedures
  • assess validity
  • check technique
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6
Q

What does a pilot study allow?

A

This allows evaluation and modification of
experimental design

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7
Q

What can a pilot study be used for?

A
  • an appropriate range of values for the independent variable
  • it allows the investigator to establish the number of repeat measurements required to give a representative value for each independent datum point
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8
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

An independent variable is the variable that is
changed in a scientific experiment.

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9
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

A dependent variable is the variable being
measured in a scientific experiment.

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10
Q

What can the variables be?

A

Independent and dependent variables can be
continuous or discrete

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11
Q

What is compared?

A

The experimental treatment group is
compared to a control group

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12
Q

What is a simple experiment?

A

One independent variable

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13
Q

What is multifactorial experiment?

A

A multifactorial experiment involves a
combination of more than one independent
variable or combination of treatments.

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14
Q

What are the positive of using simple experimental design?

A

The control of laboratory conditions allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field.

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a simple experiment?

A

However, a drawback
of a simple experiment is that its findings may
not be applicable to a wider setting

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16
Q

What are observational studies?

A

are good at detecting
correlation, but since they do not directly test
a hypothesis, they are less useful for
determining causation

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17
Q

What happens during an observational study?

A

In observational studies the independent
variable is not directly controlled by the
investigator, for ethical or logistical reasons.

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18
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

other variables besides the independent
variable may affect the dependent variable

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19
Q

What must happen to confounding variables?

A

These confounding variables must be held
constant if possible, or at least monitored so
that their effect on the results can be
accounted for in the analysis

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20
Q

What is correlation?

A

When there is a relationship between variables.

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21
Q

What is causation?

A

When changing the independent variable causes the effect noted in the dependent variable.

22
Q

What can be done when the confounding variables cannot be controlled?

A

In cases where confounding variables cannot
easily be controlled, a randomised block
design could be used

23
Q

What is randomised blocks of treatment?

A

Randomised blocks of treatment and control
groups can be distributed in such a way that
the influence of any confounding variable is
likely to be the same across the treatment
and control groups

24
Q

What is a negative control?

A

The negative control provides results in the
absence of a treatment

25
Q

What is a positive control?

A

A positive control is a treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs.

26
Q

What are placebos?

A

Placebos can be included as a treatment
without the presence of the independent
variable being investigated.

27
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Placebo effect is a measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s
expectations, rather than changes in the
independent variable.

28
Q

What is in vitro studies?

A

In vitro refers to the technique of performing
a given procedure in a controlled
environment outside of a living organism

29
Q

What is in vivo?

A

In vivo refers to experimentation using a
whole, living organism

30
Q

What are examples of in vitro?

A
  • cells growing in culture medium
  • proteins in solution
  • purified organelles.
31
Q

What is the advantage of in vitro?

A

Confounding variables may be easily controlled

32
Q

What is the disadvantage of in vitro?

A

Its relevance may be limited in in vivo. In vitro results may not be transfer to in vivo

33
Q

What are the advantages of in vivo?

A

Allows researchers to investigate the overall effect of an agent on living organisms.

34
Q

What is the disadvantage of in vivo?

A

Many confounding variables difficult to control.

35
Q

When is a representative sample selected?

A

Where it is impractical to measure every
individual

36
Q

What determines the size of the sample size?

A

The extent of the natural variation within a
population

37
Q

When will a large sample size be required?

A

More variable populations require a larger
sample size

38
Q

What must a representative sample have?

A

A representative sample should share the
same mean and the same degree of variation
about the mean as the population as a whole

39
Q

What is random sampling?

A

In random sampling, members of the
population have an equal chance of being
selected.

40
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

members
of a population are selected at regular
intervals

41
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

In stratified sampling, the
population is divided into categories that are
then sampled proportionally

42
Q

How is reliability of measuring instruments be determined?

A

repeated
measurements or readings of an individual
datum point

43
Q

What must reliable results have?

A
  • consistent values in repeats and independent replicates
  • Reduces the effect of atypical results
  • Increased sample size
44
Q

What must a valid conclusion have?

A
  • Controlling confounding variables
  • Control
  • Have reliable results (consistent values)
45
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

subjective and descriptive

46
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

can be measured
objectively, usually with a numerical value

47
Q

What is ranked data?

A

Ranked data refers to the data transformation
in which numerical values are replaced by
their rank when the data are sorted from
lowest to highest

48
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation is an association and does not
imply causation

49
Q

When does causation exist?

A

Causation exists if the
changes in the values of the independent
variable are known to cause changes to the
value of the dependent variable

50
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

A positive correlation exists when an
increase in one variable is accompanied by
an increase in the other variable.

51
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

A negative correlation exists when an
increase in one variable is accompanied by a
decrease in the other variable

52
Q

What is the strength of correlation proportional to?

A

Strength of correlation is proportional to
spread of values from line of best fit.

Advanced Higher Biology (31 decks)

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