Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 2 - Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the change over time in the
proportion of individuals in a population
differing in one or more inherited traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of non-random processes of evolution?

A

natural selection and sexual selection,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of random processes of evolution?

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

genetic variation in
populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are mutations?

A

Variation in traits arises as a result of mutation. Mutation is the original source of new sequences of DNA. These new sequences can be novel alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can mutations be?

A

Most mutations are harmful or neutral, but in rare cases they may be beneficial to the fitness of an individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens during natural selection?

A

-Populations produce more offspring than the
environment can support
-Individuals with variations that are better
suited to their environment tend to survive
longer and produce more offspring
-breeding to pass on those alleles that conferred an advantage to the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does selection result in?

A

Selection results in the non-random increase
in the frequency of advantageous alleles and
the non-random decrease in the frequency of
deleterious alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Sexual selection is the non-random process
involving the selection of alleles that increase
the individual’s chances of mating and
producing offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can sexual selection many lead to?

A

Sexual Dimorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What determines sexual selection?

A

Sexual selection can be due to male-male
rivalry and female choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is male-male rivalry

A

Male-male rivalry: large size or weaponry
increases access to females through conflict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is female choice?

A

Female choice involves females assessing
the fitness of males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift occurs when chance events
cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele
frequencies from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is genetic drift more present?

A

Genetic drift is more important in small
populations, as alleles are more likely to be
lost from the gene pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the population bottlenecks?

A

Population bottlenecks occur when a
population size is reduced for at least one
generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Founder effects occur through the isolation of
a few members of a population from a larger
population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the founder effect what does the gene pool represent?

A

The gene pool of the new
population is not representative of that in the
original gene pool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the gene-pool altered by genetic drift?

A

certain alleles may be underrepresented or over-represented and allele frequencies change

20
Q

What does it mean if the selection pressures are strong?

A

Where selection pressures are strong, the
rate of evolution can be rapid

21
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

Selection pressures are the environmental
factors that influence which individuals in a
population pass on their alleles.

22
Q

What are examples of selection pressures?

A

They can be biotic: competition, predation,
disease, parasitism; or abiotic: changes in
temperature, light, humidity, pH, salinity.

23
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state?

A

The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) principle states
that, in the absence of evolutionary
influences, allele and genotype frequencies
in a population will remain constant over the
generations

24
Q

What are the conditions for maintaining the HW equilibrium?

A

no natural selection, random
mating, no mutation, large population size
and no gene flow (through migration, in or
out).

25
Q

What can the HW principle used to determine?

A

The HW principle can be used to determine
whether a change in allele frequency is
occurring in a population over time

26
Q

What is the HW equation?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

27
Q

What does it mean if there is a change in the HW principle?

A

Changes suggest evolution is occurring

28
Q

What is fitness?

A

Fitness is an indication of an individual’s
ability to be successful at surviving and
reproducing

29
Q

What is Fitness a measure of?

A

Fitness is a measure of the tendency of some
organisms to produce more surviving
offspring than competing members of the
same species.

30
Q

What does fitness refer to?

A

It refers to the contribution made to the gene
pool of the next generation by individual
genotypes

31
Q

What it Absolute fitness?

A

Absolute fitness is the ratio between the frequency of individuals of a particular genotype after selection, to those before selection

32
Q

What is the equation for absolute fitness?

A

frequency of a particular genotype after selection/ frequency of a particular genotype before selection

33
Q

What does it mean if the absolute fitness is 1?

A

If the absolute fitness is 1, then the frequency
of that genotype is stable

34
Q

What does it mean if the absolute fitness is greater than 1?

A

A value greater than 1 conveys an increase in the frequency
of that genotype

35
Q

What does it mean if the absolute fitness is less than 1?

A

and a value less than 1 conveys a in the decrease frequency
of that genotype

36
Q

What is the relative fitness?

A

Relative fitness is the ratio of the number of
surviving offspring per individual of a
particular genotype to the number of
surviving offspring per individual of the most
successful genotype

37
Q

What is the equation of relative fitness?

A

number of surviving offspring per
individual of a particular genotype/number of surviving offspring per
individual of the most successful genotype

38
Q

What is Co-evolution?

A

Co-evolution is the process by which two or
more species evolve in response to selection
pressures imposed by each other

39
Q

In Co-evolution what happens when there is a change in traits?

A

A change in the traits of one species acts as
a selection pressure on the other species

40
Q

What does Symbiosis mean?

A

: co-evolved intimate relationships
between members of two different species

41
Q

What can be the impacts of symbiotic relationships?

A

positive (+), negative (-) or neutral (0) for the
individuals involved

42
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

both organisms in the interaction
are interdependent on each other for
resources or other services. As both
organisms gain from the relationship, the
interaction is (+/+).

43
Q

What is commensalism?

A

only one of the organisms
benefits (+/0).

44
Q

What is parasitism?

A

the parasite benefits in terms of
energy or nutrients and the host is harmed as
the result of the loss of these resources (+/-)

45
Q

What does the Red Queen Hypothesis state?

A

The Red Queen hypothesis states that, in a
co-evolutionary relationship, change in the
traits of one species can act as a selection
pressure on the other species

46
Q

What does the Red Queen Hypothesis mean?

A

This means that species in these
relationships must adapt to avoid extinction

Advanced Higher Biology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions