1.The proteome Flashcards
What is the Proteome?
The Proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.
Why is it important to study the Proteome?
It allows a greater understanding of the complexity of life and process of evolution than study of the genetic code alone. It shows how cells react to different circumstances.
What are the genes that do not code for proteins known as?
Non-coding RNA genes
What are non-coding RNA genes used to transcribe?
Transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA and RNA molecules that control the expression of other jeans.
What are factors affecting the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type include?
The metabolic activity of the cell, cellular stress, the response to signalling molecules and diseased versus healthy cells.
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio is the cell size increases?
Asda sell size increases the surface area to volume ratio decreases
What do eukaryotic cells have that increases the total surface area of membrane?
They have a system of internal membranes.
What is the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It forms a network of membranes tubules that link into the nuclear membrane. It is involved with membrane synthesis.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
It is a series of flat and discs involved in protein secretion
What are lysosomes?
They are membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolyses that digest, proteins, lipids, nucleic, acid and carbohydrates.
What are hydrolyses?
Hydrolases digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and carbohydrates
What are vesicles?
Physicals are small spheres of membrane and they transport substances between membrane compartments.
What organelle is involved with the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum
How are lipids synthesised?
The precursor is for lipid production are found floating in the cytosol. They are collected by enzymes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and once slipped synthesis is completed. They are inserted into the SER.
How does protein synthesis occur?
The synthesis of a protein begins in free cytosolic ribosomes.If the protein is destined to remain in the cytosol, then it’s synthesis will be completed in a cytosolic ribosome, and it will remain in the cytosol of the cell.
How is the decision made of water Putin will end up in a cell?
It’s made by a signal sequence. A signal sequence is a short stretch of amino acid at one end of the polypeptide being synthesised.
What happens if the protein is a transmembrane protein?
The signal sequence will direct the ribosome during synthesis to dock with the endoplasmic reticulum, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Explain the movement of proteins between membranes
Once proteins are in the ER, they are transported by vesicles that, bud off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus. To move proteins from one Golgi disc to another in the stack physicals board from one and fuse with another as the protein moves through the Golgi apparatus, post translational modification takes place. The major modification is the addition of carbohydrates. Vesicles leaving the Golgi apparatus take proteins to the plasma membrane and lysosomes vesicles will move along microtubules to fuse with other internal membranes of the cell.
What is post translational modification?
Post translational modification is the alteration of the protein after translation
What can post translational modification involve?
The addition of chemical groups and proteolytic cleavage
What is the secretory pathway in detail?
The protein for secretion is translated in the ribosomes on the RER and enter its lumen examples include peptide, hormones and digestive enzymes. The proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and undergo post translational modification and are then packaged into secretory vesicles. These vesicles move to and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the proteins out of the cell by exocytosis.
What is proteolytic cleavage?
It is another form of post translational modification and involves removing some of the protein which causes changes in the folding of the protein and allows its active confirmation to be formed.
