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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1- Laboratory techniques for biologists > Flashcards

Unit 1- Laboratory techniques for biologists Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A hazard is anything that poses a potential threat to individuals or environment.

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2
Q

What is a risk?

A

Risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

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3
Q

What reduces the risk of a hazard?

A

A risk assessment

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4
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Involves identifying control measures to minimise risk.

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5
Q

What are examples of control measures?

A
  • Using appropriate handling techniques
  • Protective clothing and equipment
  • aseptic technique
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6
Q

What is linear dilution?

A

A series that differs by equal intervals for example, 0.1 0.2 0.3 etc

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7
Q

What is a log/serial dilution?

A

A series that differs by a constant proportion for example 10^-1, 10^-2, 10^-3

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8
Q

What is a standard curve?

A

Involves plotting measured values for known concentrations to produce a line or curve.

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9
Q

What does a standard curve allow you to do?

A

Determine unknown values.

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10
Q

What does a pH buffer do?

A

It controls pH and keeps it at constandt.

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11
Q

What does a colorimetre measure?

A

Quantify concentration and turbidity.

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12
Q

What does measuring absorbance show?

A

Allows you to determine the concentration of a coloured solution using suitable wavelength filtres.

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13
Q

What does measuring percentage transmission show?

A

Allows you to determine turbidity.

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14
Q

What is an example of turbidity

A

Cells in suspension.

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15
Q

What does a centrifuge do?

A

Separates substances of
differing density

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16
Q

In a centrifuge where does more dense components settle?

A

In the pellet

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17
Q

In centrifuge where does less dense components settle?

A

Supernatant.

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18
Q

What does Paper and Thin layer chromatography do?

A

It separates different substances such
as amino acids and sugars

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19
Q

What determines the speed of the solute in Paper and Thin layer chromatography

A

The speed that each solute travels along the
chromatogram depends on its differing
solubility in the solvent used

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20
Q

What do affinity chromatography do?

A

separate proteins.

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21
Q

How does affinity chromatography work?

A
  1. A solid matrix or gel column is created with
    specific molecules bound to the matrix or gel.
  2. Soluble, target proteins in a mixture, with a
    high affinity for these molecules, become
    attached to them as the mixture passes down
    the column.
  3. Other non-target molecules with
    a weaker affinity are washed out.
22
Q

What does gel electrophoresis separate?

A

Proteins and nucleic acids

23
Q

What happens in gel electrophoresis?

A

Charged macromolecules move through an
electric field applied to a gel matrix

24
Q

What do native gel separate?

A

Proteins by their shape, size and charge.

25
Q

What happens with native gels?

A

Native gels do not denature the molecule so
that separation is by shape, size and charge.

26
Q

What does SDS-PAGE separate?

A

Proteins by size alone.

27
Q

What happens in SDS-PAGE?

A

SDS–PAGE gives all the molecules an
equally negative charge and denatures them,
separating proteins by size alone

28
Q

What is an Iso-electric point (IEP)?

A

IEP is the pH at which a soluble protein has
no net charge and will precipitate out of
solution.

29
Q

What happens to the IEP is a solution is buffered?

A

If the solution is buffered to a specific pH,
only the protein that have an IEP of that
pH will precipitate

30
Q

How can proteins be separated using their IEP’s?

A

Using Electrophoresis

31
Q

How can electrophoresis separate proteins using their IEP?

A

Soluble proteins can be separated using an
electric field and a pH gradient. A protein
stops migrating through the gel at its IEP in the pH gradient because it has no net
charge.

32
Q

What is Immunoassay techniques used for?

A

To detect and identify specific proteins.

33
Q

What are used in Immunoassays?

A

use stocks of antibodies
with the same specificity

34
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

stocks of antibodies
with the same specificity

35
Q

What is a chemical label used for

A

linked to an antibody specific to the protein antigen

36
Q

What is another name for the label and what does it cause?

A

It is also known as a reporter enzyme
producing a colour change.

37
Q

What are the two other types of chemical labels used?

A

Chemiluminescence and fluorescence.

38
Q

What is Western blotting?

A

Western blotting is a technique, used after
SDS–PAGE electrophoresis

39
Q

what happens in western blotting after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis?

A

The separated proteins from the gel are
transferred (blotted) onto a solid medium. The proteins can be identified using specific
antibodies that have reporter enzymes
attached

40
Q

What is Bright-field microscopy used for?

A

used to observe:
- whole organisms,
- parts of organisms,
- thin sections of dissected tissue
- individual cells

41
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy used for?

A

Uses specific fluorescent labels to bind to and visualise
certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues

42
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

Aseptic technique eliminates unwanted
microbial contaminants when culturing microorganisms or cells.

43
Q

What does aseptic technique involve?

A

Aseptic technique involves the sterilisation of equipment and culture media by heat or
chemical means and subsequent exclusion of
microbial contaminants.

44
Q

How can a microbial culture be started?

A

A microbial culture can be started using an
inoculum of microbial cells on an agar
medium, or in a broth with suitable nutrients

45
Q

When culturing, what do animal cells grow in?

A

Animal cells are grown in medium containing
growth factors from serum.

46
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Growth factors are proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation. Growth factors are essential for the culture of most animal cells.

47
Q

What are primary cell lines

A

primary cell lines can divide a limited number of times,

48
Q

What does plating out of liquid microbial culture on solid media allow?

A

allows the number of colony forming units to be counted and the density of cells in the culture estimated

49
Q

What is required to achieve a suitable colony count?

A

Serial dilution

50
Q

What does a haemocytometer do?

A

estimate cell numbers in a liquid culture

51
Q

What does vital staining do?

A

Vital staining is required to identify and count
viable cells

52
Q

What are the examples of hazards?

A
  • toxic or corrosive chemicals,
  • heat or flammable substances,
  • pathogenic organisms
  • mechanical equipment.

Advanced Higher Biology (31 decks)

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