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History > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s ideology

A

A coherent set of beliefs and values concerning public policy

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2
Q

Conservatives tend to structure government in favor of the

A

“Haves”

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3
Q

Liberals tend to structure government in favor of the

A

“Have nots”

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4
Q

Group consciousness

A

Idea that some disadvantage groups participate at a higher rate than their socioeconomic factors generally predict because of a perceived benefit for their group

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5
Q

Who has the strongest group consciousness?

A

African Americans

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6
Q

Religiosity

A

Degree religion is impt to a person

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7
Q

Most conservative demographic group in US

A

Evangelicals (Christian Fundamentalists)

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8
Q

Fastest growing minority group in America based on rate of growth

A

Asian Americans

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9
Q

Poll taken on Election Day as people leave polls

A

Exit poll

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10
Q

Who pays for exit polls? Why?

A

Media

  • predict election winners
  • examine issues and voter turnout to explain elections
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11
Q

Constitution calls for enumeration of the population (a census) every - years

A

10

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12
Q

Faster growing age group in America

A

Over 65

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13
Q

Most accurate poll

A

Random sample

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14
Q

Least accurate poll

A

Straw poll

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15
Q

Region of the country that seems to be gaining largest proportion of population

A

South west

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16
Q

Accurate sample representation of nation for a poll

A

1000-1500

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17
Q

Larger representation of a poll-accurate the poll tends to be

A

More

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18
Q

Poll question “do you believe voting is an important duty?” Attempting to measure - efficacy

A

Internal efficacy

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19
Q

US census is - requirement

Formal or informal

A

Formal

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20
Q

Largest minority group in US today?

A

Hispanics

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21
Q

Margin of error of - is usually accepted as standard of accuracy for a random sample poll

A

(+,-) 3

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22
Q

A poll which you choose to take on a website is an example of

A

Straw poll

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23
Q

Which demographic trend will impact reapportionment?

A

Growth of sunbelt

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24
Q

Which agent of socialization has most impact on policy agenda

A

Media

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25
Q

Which agent of socialization has most impact on person’s political values

A

Family

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26
Q

Which agent of socialization has most effect on installing values of civic duty and political tolerance

A

Schools

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27
Q

Exit polls can only take place

A

On election days

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28
Q

A push poll is

A

Not a poll at all

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29
Q

One of the most important constitutions of polling to democracy is

A

Linkage

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30
Q

What’s political culture

A

A set of widely shared beliefs, values, and norms concerning the ways that political culture and economic life ought to be carried out in society

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31
Q

What are the American core values (7)

A

Liberty, equality, individualism (rugged individualism), democracy, rule of law, civic duty, political tolerance

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32
Q

What’s rugged individualism?

A

Individuals are responsible for their own well-being and strength of our system lies in ability of individual to compete (born out of frontier heritage, conservative value)

Individual needs to be as self-sufficient as possible

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33
Q

What’s weakest core value

A

Political tolerance

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34
Q

2nd weakest core value?

A

Civic duty

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35
Q

Americans have a higher degree of - than Europeans even though they are less likely to vote

A

Efficacy

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36
Q

Americans tend to participate more in the form of (3)

A

Political discussion
Community involvement
Petitions

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37
Q

Vast majority of Americans agree with (in abstract) all - values

A

1st amendment

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38
Q

Most Americans dislike some groups strongly enough to

Especially true of those on the -

A

Deny them some rights

Opposite end of the political spectrum (i.e. Ultra conservatives to radical liberals)

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39
Q

Political tolerance has - over recent decades

A

Grown

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40
Q

Free enterprise

A

Laissez faire

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41
Q

Americans tend to vote - rather than knowledge

A

Values

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42
Q

What are exceptions to decline in trust in govt institutions?

A

Military and Supreme Court

Military-increased
Supreme Court- remained the same

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43
Q

Must have - to have -

Efficacy

A

Internal , external

44
Q

Internal efficacy

A

Understand and take part in political affairs

45
Q

External efficacy

A

Belief of individuals that govt will respond to his/her personal needs

46
Q

Very little decline of - in 50 years

A

Internal efficacy

47
Q

Political efficacy

A

Sense of citizens to underhand and influence political events

48
Q

Political socialization

A

Lifelong process through which individual acquires political opinions and attitudes

49
Q

2 rules of socialization

A

What is learned first is best

What is learned first structures what is learned later

50
Q

Most impt agent of socialization

A

Family

51
Q

When does family socialization begin?

A

10-11 years old

52
Q

More politically active parents-and -the political party

A

More politically active their children and the stronger the party loyalty

53
Q

Other informal agent of socialization

A

Mass media

54
Q
  • displaces parents as chief source of info as children get older
A

Mass media

55
Q

Trend: young adults - search out political news

A

Do not

56
Q

Average news viewing age:

A

58

57
Q

Mass media shapes - more than political attitudes

A

Shapes policy agenda

58
Q

What does govt use schools for?

A

Promote core values (esp civic duty and political tolerance)

59
Q

More educated a person: (2)

A

More likely to
Vote
Tolerate opposing views

60
Q

Weak agent

A

Peer groups (friends, classmates, coworkers, neighbors) regularly associate

61
Q

Historical events

A

Agent of socialization

Like (Great Depression, WWII, etc) have generational effect, long lasting and profound effect

62
Q

Public opinion

A

The distribution of the populations beliefs about politics and political issues (at a given moment in time)

Snapshot in time

63
Q

Straw polls (8)

A
  1. 1st type
  2. Call in/website poll
  3. For feedback only
  4. Least accurate
  5. Unscientific
  6. Nationwide
  7. Only callers are those that feel strongly about it
  8. Ppl can vote more than once
64
Q

Random sample (scientific polling) (8)

A
  1. Scientific
  2. Representative sample
  3. Margin of error +-3
  4. Usual sample : 1000-1500
  5. Larger sample-greater accuracy
  6. Base samples of demographic profile
  7. Relatively accurate
  8. George Gallup (1930s)
65
Q

Methods for random sample (scientific polling)

A

Random digit dialing and door to door

66
Q

Random digit dialing (7)

A
  1. Low cost
  2. Less accurate
  3. Lower response rate (problem)
  4. Most used today
  5. Sample selected by phone prefix
  6. Cell phones (problem)
  7. 1/7- no phone (problem)
67
Q

Door to door (3)

A
  1. Higher cost
  2. Most accurate
  3. Won’t admit lack of knowledge (problem)
68
Q

The majority of economic groups (group consciousness) consistently call for

A

More govt spending

69
Q

Group consciousness (many people are)

A

Conservative on social values

Liberal on economic values

70
Q

Largest growing ideological group (past and present)

A

Past: centrists/ moderates
Present: conservatives

71
Q

Types of voters (4)

A

Ideologues, group benefit voters, nature of times voters, no issue content voters

72
Q

Ideologues

A

Vote mainly based on ideology

73
Q

Group benefit voters

A

Vote mainly based on who will benefit group

Group consciousness

74
Q

Nature of times voters (another name?)

A

Retrospective voters

Vote based on current situations, good and bad times

Mostly about economic

75
Q

No issue content voters

A

Vote solely on candidate personalities

76
Q

Most voters are -, least voters are-

A

Group benefit voters, ideologues

77
Q

Least predictable type of voter

A

Nature of times, no issue content

78
Q

No policy difference, - less likely to vote

A

Ideologues and group benefit

79
Q

More educated- what rule of voter?

A

No issue content

80
Q

What type of voter- unpredictable swing voter?

A

Nature of times and no issue content

81
Q

Strict constructionism

A

Only what const allows, strictly

82
Q

Democratization.

A

Open voting to more ppl

83
Q

Methods of political participation
Conventional

What’s increasing/ decreasing

A

Voting, running for office, contacting officials, campaign contribution, petitions

Voter turnout decreasing, everything else increasing

84
Q

Methods of political participation

Unconventional

A

Protests

  • marches
  • civil disobedience
  • violent acts
  • demonstrations
85
Q

How has democratization been achieved (5)

A
  1. Passage of state laws
  2. Changes in party practices
  3. Amendments
  4. Federal laws (voters rights act 1965)
  5. Federal court rulings
86
Q

17th amendment

A

Progressive era, ppl choose senators

87
Q

Initiative elections

A

Allow voters to write and approve state laws

88
Q

Referendum elections

A

Allow voters to approve laws written by state legislatures, recall elections (ST laws)

89
Q

Recall elections

A

Allow voters to remove state officials

90
Q

Primary elections

A

(ST laws/ party practices) allow party voters to choose party nominees for offices

91
Q

24 th amendment

A

Outlawed poll taxes

92
Q

Voting rights act of 1965

A

Outlawed discriminating voter practices such as literacy tests, white primaries, etc

93
Q

Pre clearance

A

Forced states with histories of voting discrimination (the south) to submit any changes to voting laws to the US Dept of Justice for approval
- recently determined to be unconstitutional

94
Q

23 amendment

A

DC can vote

95
Q

The Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

A

Reaction to 2000 Bush Gore fiasco

  1. Forced states to use provisional ballots in presidential elections to be cast by those whose names may not appear on voter registration rolls (to be counted if found valid)
  2. Outlawed state practices of removing names from voter registration lists for non-voting
  3. Gave state grants for the purpose of
    - improving registered voter data bases
    - purchasing better election equipment
96
Q

Demographics of voter turnout in order of importance (8)

A
  1. Education
  2. Religiosity
  3. Age
  4. Race/ethnicity
  5. Gender (since 1980)
  6. Martial status
  7. Union affiliation
  8. Region (higher voter turnout in north than south and sunbelt, esp northern Great Plains)
97
Q

Cross cutting cleavages

A

Some demographic features control influence of other features

98
Q

3 elements of voter decisions

A
  1. Party identification
  2. Candidate evaluation
  3. Policy voting
99
Q

Recall elections

A

Elections to remove an elected official

100
Q

How many electoral votes

A

538 electoral

101
Q

How many ppl in house

A

435

102
Q

How many years are house and senators elected

A

House: 6
Sen: 2

103
Q

What amendment changed electoral system

A

12

104
Q

Only states that don’t use winner-take-all system

A

Maine and Nebraska

105
Q

If no candidate receives 270 votes, - determines winner

A

House of Representatives

106
Q

How many electoral votes are needed?

A

270

History (29 decks)

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