Unit 2 - Lesson 1 - Raw Materials Flashcards
What is the largest cereal crop in the world?
Corn
What is the Family, Genus and Species of Maize?
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea Mays
What is the starchy endosperm weight of corn?
71-80%
Embryo 10-15%
What is the 2nd largest global crop?
Wheat
What is the Family, Genus and Species of wheat?
Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Triticum
Species: Triticum aestivum
What are the components of wheat?
Brush Seed Coat Endosperm Aleurone layer Pericarp Scutellum Coleoptile Radicle Micropyle
What is interesting about rye?
It can grow where other crops cannot - high altitude and low temps
What is the weight of endosperm in rye?
86% (dry basis)
What is the Family, Genus and Species of Rye?
Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Secale
Species: Secale cereale
What components make up rye?
Seed Coat Endosperm Aleurone layer Coleoptile Micropyle Radicle
Where did Sorghum originate?
South Eygpt starting 8000 years ago
Where does Sorghum grow?
Globally
Why is Sorghum interesting?
It is tough, ideal for dry climates, drought & heat resistant,
What is the Family, Genus and Species of Sotghum?
Family: Poaceae (Grass)
Genus: Sorghum
Species: Sorghum bicolour
Species: Sorghum propinquum - or sorghum
What is unique about Sorghum?
It does not have a husk
What is the endosperm weight of Sorghum?
86%
Embryo 3.5%
What are the components of Sorghum?
Pericarp Stylar region Endosperm Aleurone layer Scutellum Shoot Embryonic Axis Root Hilarregion
What is the 3rd largest crop in the world?
Rice
Where did rice originate?
China
How many types of rice varieties are available?
40,000
How long has rice been used for human consumption?
4,000 years
What is the Family, Genus and Species of rice?
Family: Poaceae (Grass Family)
Genus: Oryza L. Rice
Species: Oryza sativa - Asian Rice
Species: Oryza glaberrima - African Rice
What is the weight of the Endosperm in rice?
90-92%
What are the components of rice?
Seed Coat or bran
Embryo (germ)
Endosperm
There is no husk
What is an enzyme?
Catalyst of biological origin (usually protein and for spirits malt or yeast) that helps chemical reactions occur more quickly
What causes the fermentation of sugar to alcohol?
Yeast fermentation
What causes the breakdown of Barley into sugars?
Main Enzymes:
⍺–amylase
ß–amylase
Limit Dextrinase
What are the main factors to consider producing beverages?
Product type Legislation Sugar source (how rich) Availability Cost GMOS Ease of Processing
Raw cereals for spirits production must:
- Be free of fungus
- Undamaged
- Uncontaminated with other cereals, weeds, debris, etc
- Correct dry content matter (not too much or little H2O)
- Contain appropriate starch
Where is all the starchy content of corn?
Endosperm
What part of corn is alive?
Embryo
What is a good wheat for starch?
Winter wheat with a 65-70% starch content
What type of flavor does rye produce?
Distinctly spicy flavor
How is sorghum used?
For food, animal feed and alcohol
Where are the top 10 producers of Sorghum?
US Nigeria Sudan Mexico Ethiopia India Argentina China Niger Australia
What is unique about the “kernel” of Sorghum?
It does not have a husk
What nutrients does rice contain?
Sugar
Protein
B Group vitamins
What are new varieties of rice resistant to?
Drought
Floods
Salty terrain
What is the biggest risk for rice crops?
Given it grows in water - bacterial and fungal diseases
What is the most widely consumed staple food in the world?
Rice
Where is rice best grown?
Areas with high rainfall
How is rice grown?
Areas that rice can be flooded to reduce weed growth
What is the endosperm weight of rice?
90-92% of dry weight
3.3% emrbyo
What protects the endosperm?
A seed coat
Rice has no husk
Where is bran and nutrition found on rice?
The seed coat which are milled off in polished rice
Where did wild barley originate?
Western Asia and N Africa
How long ago was barley 1st cultivated?
8000 years
What rank is barley in terms of cultivated crops?
4th largest
What are the top 4 cultivated crops in rank order?
Rice
Wheat
Maize
Barley
What is the Taxonomy of Barley?
Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
Genus: Hodeum
Species: vulgare (6-row barley)
Species: distichon (2-row barley)
What starch to fermentable sugars does barley contain?
57-88%
What makes barley good for distilling even with low starch weight?
It malts easily
With which other grains is barley similar in terms of starch weight?
Wheat (65-70%)
Maize (71-80%)
Barley (57-88%)
What entity approves barley in the UK?
Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board
What is the technical term of variety?
A plant that is produced from parents of the same species.
Where does barley form on the plant?
Form on the ear through fertile spikelets.
A group of 3 (triads) spikelets at each node all with potential to form grain
But only middle form in 2-row barley
all 3 develop a kernel in 6-row barley
Why cross-breed barley?
- Better yields
- Shorter straw
- Better disease resistance
- More uniform grain
- Better extracts
- Easier processing
What has been breed out of barley?
Ethyl carbamate - an animal carcinogen
It developed in malting process
Where did sugar cane originate?
S/SE Asia, Polynesia & Malaysia
Where is sugar cane primarily grown today?
Brazil India China Thailand USA Mexico Cuba Australia
What is the family and genus of sugar?
Family: Poaceae (Grass Family)
Genus: Saccharum
Where is sugar found on the cane?
In fibrous stalks mostly in lower portions
How tall can sugar cane grow?
up to 6 meters
What is the maximum and average sugar content in sugar cane?
Max = 24% sucrose by weight
15-18% sucrose by weight
What are the components of sugar cane?
Leaf
Bud
Node
Internode
What are the only major crops used for spirits not part of the grass family (excluding fruits)?
Beet Roots
What are beet roots typically used to distill?
Neutral spirits
NOT RUM
What is the Family, Genus and Species of Beets?
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Beta
Species: Beta vulgaris
Where is beet root typically grown?
Temperate areas
Where are the top 10 areas for beet roots?
Russia France USA Germany Ukraine Turkey Poland China Egypt UK
What is the typical breakdown of sugar beets eg water, sugar, pullp?
Water: 75%
Sugar: 20%
Pulp: 5%
What is the sugar content of sugar beets?
12-21%