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IBD General Certificate > Unit 2 - Lesson 1 - Raw Materials > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Lesson 1 - Raw Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest cereal crop in the world?

A

Corn

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2
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of Maize?

A

Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea Mays

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3
Q

What is the starchy endosperm weight of corn?

A

71-80%

Embryo 10-15%

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4
Q

What is the 2nd largest global crop?

A

Wheat

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5
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of wheat?

A

Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Triticum
Species: Triticum aestivum

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6
Q

What are the components of wheat?

A 
Brush
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Pericarp
Scutellum
Coleoptile
Radicle
Micropyle
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7
Q

What is interesting about rye?

A

It can grow where other crops cannot - high altitude and low temps

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8
Q

What is the weight of endosperm in rye?

A

86% (dry basis)

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9
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of Rye?

A

Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Secale
Species: Secale cereale

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10
Q

What components make up rye?

A 
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Coleoptile
Micropyle
Radicle
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11
Q

Where did Sorghum originate?

A

South Eygpt starting 8000 years ago

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12
Q

Where does Sorghum grow?

A

Globally

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13
Q

Why is Sorghum interesting?

A

It is tough, ideal for dry climates, drought & heat resistant,

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14
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of Sotghum?

A

Family: Poaceae (Grass)
Genus: Sorghum
Species: Sorghum bicolour
Species: Sorghum propinquum - or sorghum

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15
Q

What is unique about Sorghum?

A

It does not have a husk

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16
Q

What is the endosperm weight of Sorghum?

A

86%

Embryo 3.5%

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17
Q

What are the components of Sorghum?

A 
Pericarp
Stylar region
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Scutellum
Shoot
Embryonic Axis
Root
Hilarregion
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18
Q

What is the 3rd largest crop in the world?

A

Rice

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19
Q

Where did rice originate?

A

China

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20
Q

How many types of rice varieties are available?

A

40,000

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21
Q

How long has rice been used for human consumption?

A

4,000 years

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22
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of rice?

A

Family: Poaceae (Grass Family)
Genus: Oryza L. Rice
Species: Oryza sativa - Asian Rice
Species: Oryza glaberrima - African Rice

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23
Q

What is the weight of the Endosperm in rice?

A

90-92%

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24
Q

What are the components of rice?

A

Seed Coat or bran
Embryo (germ)
Endosperm

There is no husk

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25
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Catalyst of biological origin (usually protein and for spirits malt or yeast) that helps chemical reactions occur more quickly

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26
Q

What causes the fermentation of sugar to alcohol?

A

Yeast fermentation

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27
Q

What causes the breakdown of Barley into sugars?

A

Main Enzymes:
⍺–amylase
ß–amylase
Limit Dextrinase

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28
Q

What are the main factors to consider producing beverages?

A 
Product type
Legislation
Sugar source (how rich)
Availability
Cost
GMOS
Ease of Processing
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29
Q

Raw cereals for spirits production must:

A
  1. Be free of fungus
  2. Undamaged
  3. Uncontaminated with other cereals, weeds, debris, etc
  4. Correct dry content matter (not too much or little H2O)
  5. Contain appropriate starch
30
Q

Where is all the starchy content of corn?

A

Endosperm

31
Q

What part of corn is alive?

A

Embryo

32
Q

What is a good wheat for starch?

A

Winter wheat with a 65-70% starch content

33
Q

What type of flavor does rye produce?

A

Distinctly spicy flavor

34
Q

How is sorghum used?

A

For food, animal feed and alcohol

35
Q

Where are the top 10 producers of Sorghum?

A 
US
Nigeria
Sudan
Mexico
Ethiopia
India
Argentina
China
Niger
Australia
36
Q

What is unique about the “kernel” of Sorghum?

A

It does not have a husk

37
Q

What nutrients does rice contain?

A

Sugar
Protein
B Group vitamins

38
Q

What are new varieties of rice resistant to?

A

Drought
Floods
Salty terrain

39
Q

What is the biggest risk for rice crops?

A

Given it grows in water - bacterial and fungal diseases

40
Q

What is the most widely consumed staple food in the world?

A

Rice

41
Q

Where is rice best grown?

A

Areas with high rainfall

42
Q

How is rice grown?

A

Areas that rice can be flooded to reduce weed growth

43
Q

What is the endosperm weight of rice?

A

90-92% of dry weight

3.3% emrbyo

44
Q

What protects the endosperm?

A

A seed coat

Rice has no husk

45
Q

Where is bran and nutrition found on rice?

A

The seed coat which are milled off in polished rice

46
Q

Where did wild barley originate?

A

Western Asia and N Africa

47
Q

How long ago was barley 1st cultivated?

A

8000 years

48
Q

What rank is barley in terms of cultivated crops?

A

4th largest

49
Q

What are the top 4 cultivated crops in rank order?

A

Rice
Wheat
Maize
Barley

50
Q

What is the Taxonomy of Barley?

A

Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
Genus: Hodeum
Species: vulgare (6-row barley)
Species: distichon (2-row barley)

51
Q

What starch to fermentable sugars does barley contain?

A

57-88%

52
Q

What makes barley good for distilling even with low starch weight?

A

It malts easily

53
Q

With which other grains is barley similar in terms of starch weight?

A

Wheat (65-70%)
Maize (71-80%)
Barley (57-88%)

54
Q

What entity approves barley in the UK?

A

Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board

55
Q

What is the technical term of variety?

A

A plant that is produced from parents of the same species.

56
Q

Where does barley form on the plant?

A

Form on the ear through fertile spikelets.
A group of 3 (triads) spikelets at each node all with potential to form grain
But only middle form in 2-row barley
all 3 develop a kernel in 6-row barley

57
Q

Why cross-breed barley?

A
  1. Better yields
  2. Shorter straw
  3. Better disease resistance
  4. More uniform grain
  5. Better extracts
  6. Easier processing
58
Q

What has been breed out of barley?

A

Ethyl carbamate - an animal carcinogen

It developed in malting process

59
Q

Where did sugar cane originate?

A

S/SE Asia, Polynesia & Malaysia

60
Q

Where is sugar cane primarily grown today?

A 
Brazil
India
China
Thailand
USA
Mexico
Cuba
Australia
61
Q

What is the family and genus of sugar?

A

Family: Poaceae (Grass Family)
Genus: Saccharum

62
Q

Where is sugar found on the cane?

A

In fibrous stalks mostly in lower portions

63
Q

How tall can sugar cane grow?

A

up to 6 meters

64
Q

What is the maximum and average sugar content in sugar cane?

A

Max = 24% sucrose by weight

15-18% sucrose by weight

65
Q

What are the components of sugar cane?

A

Leaf
Bud
Node
Internode

66
Q

What are the only major crops used for spirits not part of the grass family (excluding fruits)?

A

Beet Roots

67
Q

What are beet roots typically used to distill?

A

Neutral spirits

NOT RUM

68
Q

What is the Family, Genus and Species of Beets?

A

Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Beta
Species: Beta vulgaris

69
Q

Where is beet root typically grown?

A

Temperate areas

70
Q

Where are the top 10 areas for beet roots?

A 
Russia
France
USA
Germany
Ukraine
Turkey
Poland
China
Egypt
UK
71
Q

What is the typical breakdown of sugar beets eg water, sugar, pullp?

A

Water: 75%
Sugar: 20%
Pulp: 5%

72
Q

What is the sugar content of sugar beets?

A

12-21%

IBD General Certificate (52 decks)

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