Unit 2 - Lesson 1 - Raw Materials Flashcards by T Bray

What is the largest cereal crop in the world?

Corn

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What is the Family, Genus and Species of Maize?

Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea Mays

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What is the starchy endosperm weight of corn?

71-80%

Embryo 10-15%

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What is the 2nd largest global crop?

Wheat

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What is the Family, Genus and Species of wheat?

Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Triticum
Species: Triticum aestivum

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What are the components of wheat?

Brush
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Pericarp
Scutellum
Coleoptile
Radicle
Micropyle

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What is interesting about rye?

It can grow where other crops cannot - high altitude and low temps

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What is the weight of endosperm in rye?

86% (dry basis)

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What is the Family, Genus and Species of Rye?

Family: Poaceae - Grass family
Genus: Secale
Species: Secale cereale

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What components make up rye?

Seed Coat
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Coleoptile
Micropyle
Radicle

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Where did Sorghum originate?

South Eygpt starting 8000 years ago

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Where does Sorghum grow?

Globally

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Why is Sorghum interesting?

It is tough, ideal for dry climates, drought & heat resistant,

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What is the Family, Genus and Species of Sotghum?

Family: Poaceae (Grass)
Genus: Sorghum
Species: Sorghum bicolour
Species: Sorghum propinquum - or sorghum

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What is unique about Sorghum?

It does not have a husk

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What is the endosperm weight of Sorghum?

86%

Embryo 3.5%

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What are the components of Sorghum?

Pericarp
Stylar region
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Scutellum
Shoot
Embryonic Axis
Root
Hilarregion

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What is the 3rd largest crop in the world?

Rice

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Where did rice originate?

China

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How many types of rice varieties are available?

40,000

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How long has rice been used for human consumption?

4,000 years

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What is the Family, Genus and Species of rice?

Family: Poaceae (Grass Family)
Genus: Oryza L. Rice
Species: Oryza sativa - Asian Rice
Species: Oryza glaberrima - African Rice

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What is the weight of the Endosperm in rice?

90-92%

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What are the components of rice?

Seed Coat or bran
Embryo (germ)
Endosperm

There is no husk

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What is an enzyme?

Catalyst of biological origin (usually protein and for spirits malt or yeast) that helps chemical reactions occur more quickly

What causes the fermentation of sugar to alcohol?

Yeast fermentation

What causes the breakdown of Barley into sugars?

Main Enzymes: ⍺–amylase ß–amylase Limit Dextrinase

What are the main factors to consider producing beverages?

``` Product type Legislation Sugar source (how rich) Availability Cost GMOS Ease of Processing ```

Raw cereals for spirits production must:

1. Be free of fungus 2. Undamaged 3. Uncontaminated with other cereals, weeds, debris, etc 4. Correct dry content matter (not too much or little H2O) 5. Contain appropriate starch

Where is all the starchy content of corn?

Endosperm

What part of corn is alive?

Embryo

What is a good wheat for starch?

Winter wheat with a 65-70% starch content

What type of flavor does rye produce?

Distinctly spicy flavor

How is sorghum used?

For food, animal feed and alcohol

Where are the top 10 producers of Sorghum?

``` US Nigeria Sudan Mexico Ethiopia India Argentina China Niger Australia ```

What is unique about the "kernel" of Sorghum?

It does not have a husk

What nutrients does rice contain?

Sugar Protein B Group vitamins

What are new varieties of rice resistant to?

Drought Floods Salty terrain

What is the biggest risk for rice crops?

Given it grows in water - bacterial and fungal diseases

What is the most widely consumed staple food in the world?

Rice

Where is rice best grown?

Areas with high rainfall

How is rice grown?

Areas that rice can be flooded to reduce weed growth

What is the endosperm weight of rice?

90-92% of dry weight | 3.3% emrbyo

What protects the endosperm?

A seed coat | Rice has no husk

Where is bran and nutrition found on rice?

The seed coat which are milled off in polished rice

Where did wild barley originate?

Western Asia and N Africa

How long ago was barley 1st cultivated?

8000 years

What rank is barley in terms of cultivated crops?

4th largest

What are the top 4 cultivated crops in rank order?

Rice Wheat Maize Barley

What is the Taxonomy of Barley?

Family: Poaceae (Grass family) Genus: Hodeum Species: vulgare (6-row barley) Species: distichon (2-row barley)

What starch to fermentable sugars does barley contain?

57-88%

What makes barley good for distilling even with low starch weight?

It malts easily

With which other grains is barley similar in terms of starch weight?

Wheat (65-70%) Maize (71-80%) Barley (57-88%)

What entity approves barley in the UK?

Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board

What is the technical term of variety?

A plant that is produced from parents of the same species.

Where does barley form on the plant?

Form on the ear through fertile spikelets. A group of 3 (triads) spikelets at each node all with potential to form grain But only middle form in 2-row barley all 3 develop a kernel in 6-row barley

Why cross-breed barley?

1. Better yields 2. Shorter straw 3. Better disease resistance 4. More uniform grain 5. Better extracts 6. Easier processing

What has been breed out of barley?

Ethyl carbamate - an animal carcinogen | It developed in malting process

Where did sugar cane originate?

S/SE Asia, Polynesia & Malaysia

Where is sugar cane primarily grown today?

``` Brazil India China Thailand USA Mexico Cuba Australia ```

What is the family and genus of sugar?

Family: Poaceae (Grass Family) Genus: Saccharum

Where is sugar found on the cane?

In fibrous stalks mostly in lower portions

How tall can sugar cane grow?

up to 6 meters

What is the maximum and average sugar content in sugar cane?

Max = 24% sucrose by weight | 15-18% sucrose by weight

What are the components of sugar cane?

Leaf Bud Node Internode

What are the only major crops used for spirits not part of the grass family (excluding fruits)?

Beet Roots

What are beet roots typically used to distill?

Neutral spirits | NOT RUM

What is the Family, Genus and Species of Beets?

Family: Amaranthaceae Genus: Beta Species: Beta vulgaris

Where is beet root typically grown?

Temperate areas

Where are the top 10 areas for beet roots?

``` Russia France USA Germany Ukraine Turkey Poland China Egypt UK ```

What is the typical breakdown of sugar beets eg water, sugar, pullp?

Water: 75% Sugar: 20% Pulp: 5%

What is the sugar content of sugar beets?

12-21%