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Physiology 201 > Unit 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
Chemical/molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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2
Q

What is the skeleton composed of?

A

It is all bones and the connective tissues which attach them to each other (cartilage, ligaments, joints, and more)

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3
Q

What are the bones?

A

They are each an organ

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4
Q

What do bones contain?

A

Contain osseous (connective) tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, cartilage, and connective tissue coverings

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5
Q

How many bones are in the Axial region?

A

80 bones

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6
Q

What are the main regions of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Associated bones
  3. Vertebral column
  4. Thorax
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7
Q

How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126 bones

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8
Q

What are the main regions or the appendicular skeleton?

A
  1. Pectoral Girdles
  2. Upper Limb
  3. Pelvic Girdle
  4. Lower limb
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9
Q

How many total bones are in the adult skeleton?

A

206 bones

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10
Q

What does the 206 total adult bones not include in the skeleton?

A

Sutural bones because some people don’t have them

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11
Q

What are the 7 classifications of bones?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
  6. Sutural
  7. Pneumatized
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12
Q

Where can sutural bones be found?

A

They are found in patches on the skull

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13
Q

What is the rule of 2?

A

In the cranium there are two bones that are identical to each other. In the face there are two bones that have no identical pair.

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14
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Mineral storage
  4. Triglyceride storage
  5. Red and white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
  6. Leverage (assistance in movement)
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15
Q

What are the bones’ primary function in a developing baby/fetus?

A

To make red and white blood cells

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16
Q

What are the size of short bones?

A

They are as tall as they are wide

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17
Q

What are the main functions of the endosteum and the periosteum?

A

They are important for bone growth and remodeling

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18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is the outside layer of bone. Technically: Connective tissue membrane covering external surface of bone. continuous with tendons, connective tissue of joints.

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19
Q

How is the periosteum attached to bone?

A

Attached to bone matrix via perforating fibers

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer

2. Inner osteogenic layer

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21
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The lining of the inner surfaces of bone including marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, canals of compact bone.

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22
Q

What type of cells does endosteum contain and what are their functions?

A

Contains osteogenic cells-important for bone growth and remodeling

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23
Q

What does “osteo” mean?

A

bone

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24
Q

Define osteology

A

The study of bone tissue

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25
Q

What two components does connective tissue break down into?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

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26
Q

What two components make up extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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27
Q

What cells are found in bones?

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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28
Q

What are the components of the ground substance in bones?

A

Organic and inorganic components

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29
Q

What type of fibers can be found in bones?

A

Collagen fibers

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30
Q

What bone cells are important for bone remodeling?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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31
Q

What is the osteogenic cell journey to become osteocyte?

A

Osteogenic cell develops into an osteoblast that forms bone matrix and the osteoblast then becomes an osteocyte that maintains bone tissue

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32
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that are formed from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

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33
Q

How do osteogenic cells become osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic cells undergo mitosis then come daughter osteogenic cells. Differentiation then begins and osteoblasts come about

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34
Q

What are osteoblasts functions?

A

Cells that build bone; bone formation. They synthesize organic components of matrix. They also initiate calcification

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35
Q

How do osteoblasts initiate calcification?

A

They take calcium from blood and deposit it within matrix by exocytosis

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36
Q

What are osteogenic cells and osteoblasts? immature or mature?

A

Immature

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37
Q

What osteocytes?

A

Mature cells involved in maintenance of bone

38
Q

What is one major physical characteristic of osteocytes?

A

They have dendrites

39
Q

What are the functions of osteoclasts?

A

Break down bone (bone resorption). They release proteolytic enzymes and acids to degrade collagen and release minerals to blood.

40
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Derived from myeloid stem cells (not osteogenic cells) and bone

41
Q

What are osteoclasts’ nickname

A

“Bone crumblers”

42
Q

What is the definition of bone modeling (construction)?

A

The process by which bone is formed by osteoblasts without prior bone resorption.

  • This happens during growth
  • It results in change in bone size and shape
43
Q

What is the definition of bone remodeling (reconstruction)?

A

Occurs when bone is first resorbed by osteoclasts and then formed in the same location by osteoblasts
-Happens throughout life

44
Q

What is the overall goal of modeling and remodeling?

A

Achieve strength for loading and lightness for mobility

45
Q

How is the goal of modeling and remodeling achieved?

A

1) Strategically deposit bone where it is needed

2) Remove bone from where it is not needed to avoid bulk

46
Q

What is Goal of modeling and remodeling during growth?

A

To achieve the skeleton’s peak strength

47
Q

What is the goal of modeling and remodeling during adulthood?

A

To maintain bone strength by removing damaged bone

48
Q

What cell is in charge of detecting location and magnitude of damage?

A

Osteocytes

49
Q

What cell is in charge of removing damage?

A

Osteoclasts

50
Q

What cell is in charge of replacing old bone with new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

51
Q

What are the five steps of bone remodeling?

A

1) Activation
2) Resorption
3) Reversal
4) Formation
5) Quiescence

52
Q

What is bone remodeling step 1: activation?

A

Pre-osteoclasts are stimulated and differentiated under the influence of cytokines and growth factors into mature active osteoclasts

53
Q

What is bone remodeling step 2: resorption?

A

Osteoclasts digest mineral matrix (old bones).

54
Q

What is bone remodeling step 3: reversal?

A

End of resorption; recruitment of osteoblasts

55
Q

What is bone remodeling step 4: formation?

A

Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix

56
Q

What is bone remodeling step 5: quiescence?

A

Osteoblasts become resting bone lining cells on the newly formed bone surface

57
Q

What are the three locations on osteoclasts?

A

Sealing zone
Ruffled border
Functional secretory domain

58
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A

Humerus

59
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

Trapezoid, wrist bone

60
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

Sternum

61
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

vertebra

62
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

63
Q

What is an example of a sutural bone?

A

The blotches of bone between the main cranial bones

64
Q

What is an example of a pneumatized bone?

A

ethmoid

65
Q

Describe flat bone anatomy

A

Made of compact bone and spongy bone in between the compact bone

66
Q

Describe long bone anatomy

A

At both epiphysis’s (the ends of the bone) there is articular cartilage and spongy bone. At both metaphysis’s (the region after the epiphysis) there is more spongy bone. In the diaphysis there is compact bone with endosperm, periosteum, and medullary cavity with blood vessels in it.

67
Q

What are the organic compounds that make up the bone extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

-Ground substance
-Collagen fibers (type I)
Both come from osteoblasts

68
Q

What is in the ground substance of the bone extracellular matrix?

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans = GAGs
  • Glycoproteins = polysaccharide + protein (chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, etc.)
  • Negatively charged (i.e. they trap water)
69
Q

What are some characteristics of the collagen fibers of the bone extracellular matrix?

A
  • Fibrous protein arranged in helical form
  • Very resistant to pulling forces
  • Provides flexibility and a framework for deposition of calcium crystals
70
Q

What is the hierarchical organization of collagen in bone

A

osteoblasts create tropocollagen that then makes up microfibril which are like plates. The microfibrils make up fibrils that are like large microfibrils. Fiber is then made from fibrils. The fiber then makes lamella the rings in the compact bone tissue. The lamella then make up an osteon (in compact bone only) and the osteons form all together to make compact bones which then makes an actual bone.

71
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone extracellular matrix?

A
  • Water

- Hydroxyapatite

72
Q

What are some facts about water within the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Attracted to ground substance

- Makes up 25% of the ECM

73
Q

What are some components of the hydroxyapatite within the bone extracellular matrix?

A

-Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide, other minerals like calcium carbonate, and some ions: Mg2+, F-, K+

74
Q

How are hydroxyapatite crystals formed in the bone ECM?

A
  • Salts (hydroxyapatite) are deposited within collagen fibers
  • As the hydroxyapatite condenses, other inorganic salts and ions precipitate in the matrix to fill in the spaces between fibers
75
Q

What is the organization of minerals in the bone ECM?

A
  • The collagen fiber contains mineralized fibrils
  • The fibrils contain small mineral plates bound by helical non collagenous proteins (collagen cross links)
  • The big osseous tissue fibers contain mineralized fibrils
76
Q

What does collagen provide the Bone ECM?

A

Provides strength in flexibility and resistance to tension

77
Q

What do minerals provide the Bone ECM?

A

Provide strength in firmness (resistance to compression)

78
Q

What happens to bones in a weak acid like vinegar?

A

Removes minerals so it becomes rubbery

79
Q

What happens to bones when proteolytic enzymes are applied to it?

A

Removes collagen so it becomes brittle

80
Q

What is rickets?

A

Inorganic component deficient. Calcium deficiency due to lack of vitamin D leads to flexible bones (bowed legs)

81
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Organic component deficient. Problem with collagen synthesis due to vitamin C deficiency leads to brittle bones that can fracture easily

82
Q

T or F: Spongy bone and compact bones have different chemical composition?

A

False: They both have the same chemical composition just different 3D organization

83
Q

What is Spongy bones organization like?

A
  • Irregular lattice of thin plates called trabeculae

- Osteocytes housed in lacunae

84
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A
  • Epiphyses of long bones
  • Surrounding marrow cavities
  • Flat, short, irregular bones
85
Q

What are spongy bone’s functions?

A
  • Withstands forces from many directions - trabecular arranged along lines of stress
  • Lightens the skeleton (not as strong as compact bone)
  • Contains red marrow for hemopoiesis
86
Q

How is compact bone organized?

A

Solid network of bone organized in concentric ring structures called osteons

87
Q

What is the location of compact bone?

A
  • External layer of all bones

- Diaphysis of long bones

88
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Gives long bones ability to withstand forces along longitudinal axis

89
Q

What are the main components of an osteon?

A 
Lamella
Osteocytes
lacuna
Canaliculus
Central canal
90
Q

What are the main components of a trabeculae?

A 
Lacuna
Lamella
Canaliculi
Osteocyte
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts aligned along trabeculae of new bone
91
Q

What is the main physical difference between osteons and trabeculae?

A

Osteons are circular and trabeculae are ovular with osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Physiology 201 (15 decks)

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