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Physiology 201 > Lab 8 Terms and Lesson > Flashcards

Lab 8 Terms and Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do and what is it responsible for?

A

The nervous system regulates body activities by responding rapidly using nerve impulses. It is responsible for our perceptions, behaviors, memories, and voluntary movements.

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2
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

A

Composed of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (cells that support the activities of neurons)

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3
Q

What is the nervous system broken up into?

A
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4
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

They support, protect, provide nutrients, and augment the speed of neuron transmission

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5
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Conduct action potentials, structural and functional units of nervous tissue

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodentrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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7
Q

What are Astrocytes and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • One of the 4 types of cells in the CNS
  • They maintain environment around neurons
  • Keep neurons in place
  • Form Blood Brain Barrier
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8
Q

What are Oligodendrocyts and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • They are one of the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
  • Processes from cell form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS
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9
Q

What are Microglia and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • One of 4 types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
  • They engulf invading microbes, debris, and necrotic tissue
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10
Q

What are Ependymal cells and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • One of 4 types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
  • They line the 4 ventricles of the brain and central canal
  • They are responsible for the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
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11
Q

What are Schwann Cells and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • They are one of two cells in the PNS
  • The entire cell forms myelin sheath around a segment of an axon in the PNS
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12
Q

What are Satellite Cells and are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • They are one of two kinds of neuroglial cells in the PNS
  • They cover sensory neuron cell bodies
  • They maintains neuron environment
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13
Q

What are the two types of neuroglial cells in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells
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14
Q

What do Microglia look like?

A
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15
Q

What do Astrocytes look like?

A
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16
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes look like?

A
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17
Q

What do Ependymal cells look like?

A
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18
Q

What do Schwann cells look like?

A

The blue covers on the axon

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19
Q

What do Satellite Cells look like?

A

The purple covers around the cell body

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20
Q

How do CNS and PNS differ in myelination?

A

In CNS oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths while in the PNS Schwann cells form myelin sheaths.

In CNS Astrocytes maintain environment around neurons whereas in the PNS, Satellite cells do the same.

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21
Q

Identify:

  • Axon terminal
  • Axon terminals
  • Nucleus
  • Axon hillock
  • Axon
  • Dendrite
  • Schwann cell
  • Node of Ranvier
A
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22
Q

What are the three structural types of classification of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar (2 in the picture)
  2. Bipolar (3 in the picture)
  3. Unipolar (1 in the picture)
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23
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • Afferent (sensory) neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Efferent (motor) neurons
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24
Q

What are the functions of the functional classification for the functional neuron: sensory (afferent) neurons?

A
  • Conduct signals from receptors to CNS
  • Unipolar or bipolar
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25
Q

What are the components of the functional classification for the functional neuron: interneurons?

A
  • Makes up 90% of neurons in CNS
  • Multipolar
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26
Q

What are the components of the functional classification for the functional neuron: motor (efferent) neurons:

A
  • Takes signal to a target organ
  • Multipolar
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27
Q

What is white vs gray matter?

A

Gray matter (A): Nervous tissue with little or no myelination appear gray

White matter (B): Myelin sheaths are composed primarily (80%) of lipid that is responsible for giving nervous tissue with a myelin sheath a white appearance

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28
Q

What are the four principal brain regions?

A
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebrum
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29
Q

How is the hierarchy of regions and structures broken down in the brain?

A
  1. Principal brain regions
  2. Specific brain regions
  3. Specific brain structures
30
Q

What are the three specific regions of the brain stem?

A
  • Medulla oblogata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
31
Q

What is the medulla oblongata and what is its functions?

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular control. Reflexes involving coughing, vomiting, and sneezing

32
Q

What is the pons and what is its functions?

A

Relays information to the diencephalon and cerebellum. Respiratory centers to aid the medulla oblongata

33
Q

What is the midbrain, what is its functions, and what are the two mini structures within it?

A

Contains sensory and motor tracts

  • Superior colliculi: Reflex centers involved in visual stimuli resulting in eye, head, and neck movement
  • Inferior colliculi: Reflex centers involved in auditory stimuli resulting in head and trunk movements
34
Q

What is the overall function of the cerebellum?

A

Smooth and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance.

35
Q

What are the two cerebellar hemispheres within the cerebellum joined by?

A

A central constricted area called the vermis

36
Q

What does the cerebellar cortex of the cerebellum consist of?

A

The cerebellar cortex, consists of gray matter in a series of folds called folia

37
Q

Define arbor vitae

A

Tracts of white matter in the cerebellum

38
Q

What are the three specific regions of the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
39
Q

What is the Thalamus composed of in the diencephalon and what is its function?

A
  • Part of the
  • Composed of paired, egg-shaped bodies. Each cerebral hemisphere contains half of the thalamus which is connected by the intermediate mass
  • Relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions. Plays a role in maintenance of consciousness, emotions, learning, and memory
40
Q

What does the hypothalamus do? What other structures does it contain?

A
  • Found in the diencephalon
  • Controls and integrates activites of ANS. Produces hormones, emotional and behavioral patterns, regulates eating, drinking, and circadian rhythms, controls body temperature

Specific smaller structures:

  • Mammillary bodies: smell and taste reflexes (The red)
  • Optic chiasm (The outgrowth before the yellow optic nerve)
  • Pituitary gland (the hanging ball like structures)
  • Infundibulum (the connecting piece before the pituitary gland)
41
Q

Where is the epithalamus, what is its primary structure and specific structures?

A

Region of the diencephalon above the thalamus. It contains the pineal gland that secrete the hormone melatonin.

42
Q

Identify:

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Intermediate mass

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasm

Epithalamus

Mammillary body

Thalamus

A
43
Q

What are the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum connected by?

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

What is the main function of the cerebrum as a whole and what are the three specific regions that make up the cerebrum?

A
  • Function: Perception of sensory infortation; voluntary movements; association areas for memory, personality, and intelligence
  • 3 specific regions: cerebral cortex (grey matter), white matter, and the basal ganglia (nuclei)
45
Q

What is basal ganglia (nuclei)’s main function in the cerebrum?

A

Help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone.

46
Q

What is the function of the limbic system within the cerebrum?

A

Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.

47
Q

Define gyrus as a surface feature of the cerebrum

A

Gyrus- a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain

48
Q

Define sulcus as a surface feature of the cerebrum

A

Sulcus- a groove or furrow, especially one on the surface of the brain

49
Q

Define fissure as a surface feature of the cerebrum

A

Fissure- a large furrow that divides the brain into lobes, and also into the two hemispheres

50
Q

What are the two types of function areas of the cerebrum?

A
  • Primary
    • Sends and recieves signals to/from the peripheral nervous system PNS​
  • Association
    • Perform complex integrative functions
51
Q

Where is the wernicke’s and Broca’s areas and what do they do?

A

Broca’s is in charge of making speech/allowing people to speak whereas the wernicke’s area is in charge of speech comprehension.

52
Q

What do the meninges do?

A

Protection of the brain from shock

53
Q

What contributes to protection of the brain?

A

Cranial bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

54
Q

What are the meninges?

A
  • Cover brain and spinal cord
  • Connective tissue
  • CSF
    • Remove waste products
    • Supply nutrients
    • Protection
  • Function = protection of the CNS
55
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord

56
Q

What are the main three different types of meningitis?

A
  • Bacterial-life threatening
  • Viral-much less severe
  • Fungal-seen in those who are immunodeficient, it is more rare
57
Q

What are causes for meningitis?

A
  • Bacterial or viral infection that begins somewhere else in your body besides the brain
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Syphilis
  • Cancer medications
  • Tuberculosis
58
Q

What are risk factors of meningitis?

A
  • Skipping vaccinations
  • Bacterial occurs in those under the age of 20; viral occurs in those under the age of 5
  • Living in a community setting
  • Pregnancy increases the risk of listeriosis
  • If you are immunosuppressed
59
Q

What are symptoms of meningitis?

A
  • Early symptoms mimic the flu
  • Skin rash
  • Stiff neck
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Bad headaches with nausea/vomiting
  • A bulge on the soft spot of a baby’s head
60
Q

What is the diagnosis for meningitis?

A
  • Blood cultures to look for bacteria
  • X-rays and CT scans
  • Spinal tap (lumbar puncture): collect CSF (cebrospinal fluid)
    • If low glucose levels, increased WBC’s, and increased protein, then it is diagnostic
61
Q

What is treatment for meningitis?

A
  • Depends on the type of meningitis you have
  • Bacterial: antibiotics/corticosteriods
  • Viral: over the counter pain medications, bed rest, lots of fluids
62
Q

What are complications with meningitis?

A
  • Seizures and permanent neurological damage
  • Hearing loss
  • Problems walking
  • Kidney failure
  • Death
63
Q

What are some misconceptions and facts about meningitis?

A
  • Misconception: Meningitis is easy to diagnose
  • Misconception: Meningitis is only dangerous in those under 20 years old
  • Misconception: Vaccinations cause meningitis
  • Fact: Antibiotics improve the rate of survival up to 85%
64
Q

What are some ways to prevent meningitis?

A
  • Vaccination
  • Wash your hands, good hygiene
  • Boost your immune system
65
Q

Meningitis review question: What are the 3 meninges?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
66
Q

Meningitis review question: Which form of meningitis is the most severe?

A

Bacterial meningitis

67
Q

Meningitis review question: Besides being healthy and having a good immune system, what else prevents against meningitis?

A

Getting your vaccinations

68
Q

Meningitis review question: If you are immunosuppressed, are you more likely to get meningitis?

A

YES!

69
Q

Meningitis review question: Why is it important to treat bacterial meningitis quickly? What things can untreated bacterial meningitis lead to?

A

Hearing loss, kidney failure, death, problems walking, and seizures

70
Q
A

Physiology 201 (15 decks)

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