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Physiology 201 > Lab 10 Terms and Lesson > Flashcards

Lab 10 Terms and Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What are somatic senses?

A
  • (sensed through our skin)
  • Tactile (touch, pressure, vibration, itch)
  • Thermal (Ex. Needing a jacket)
  • Pain
  • Proprioception (knowing where you are in space, ex. Waving your arms around and knowing where they are)
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2
Q

What are visceral senses?

A

Information about conditions within internal organs

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3
Q

What are the two general senses?

A

Somatic sense and visceral senses

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4
Q

What are the five types of stimuli

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Osmoreceptors
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5
Q

What are mechanoreceptors

A

Something changes the shape, and these realize it and send stimulus

  • Able to adapt
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6
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

sensing relative temperature of the body

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7
Q

What are nociceptors?

A
  • lots of free nerve endings that sense pain in the skin typically
  • Pain doesn’t go away until it is treated regarding nociceptors
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8
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A
  • sense levels of chemicals in the body
  • Ex. Medulla oblongata chemoreceptors sense CO2 and O2
  • Ex. Cells in the nose sense different smells that are really just chemicals
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9
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A
  • Sensing the amount of solute in our solvents
  • Ex. Too much something in our blood, sends signal to urinate stuff out
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10
Q

What are merkel discs?

A

Merkel cell (stratum basale) sense low frequency vibrations and assist in determining texture

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11
Q

What are merissner corpusle?

A

Dermal papillae of hairless skin touch>pressure

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12
Q

What are ruffini corpuscles?

A

Dermis, ligaments, tendons. Stretching of digits and limbs

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13
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles?

A
  • Subcutaneous and submuscosal tissue, joints, tendons, muscle.
  • Pressure>touch.
  • High frequency vibration
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14
Q

Identify:

  • Meissner’s corpuscle
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Merkel discs
  • Hair root plexus
  • Ruffini’s corpuscle
A
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15
Q

What is the sensation of merkel discs?

A

low frequency vibrations (feeling texture)

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16
Q

What is the sensation of meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Light touch

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17
Q

What is the sensation of Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Deep pressure and high frequency vibration

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18
Q

What is the sensation of ruffini corpuscle?

A

Stretch in the skin

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19
Q

What is the sensation of hair root plexus?

A

Touch (when hairs are moved)

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20
Q

What is the sensation of thermoreceptors?

A

Temperatures between 10-48C

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21
Q

What is the sensation of nociceptors?

A

Pain in damaged/stress tissues

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22
Q

What is the sensation of muscle spindles?

A

Stretch of muscles (proprioception)

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23
Q

What is the sensation of Golgi tendon organs?

A

Stretch of tendons (preoprioceptions)

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24
Q

What happens with the Adaptation of Temperature Receptor hands in two different temperatures test?

A
  • Temperature receptors adapt to a constant stimulus by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time
    • Hand in warm bath water adapts faster than cold because it is closer to body temperature
  • Temperature receptors only adapt if temperature is not extreme
    • Too hot or too cold (below 10 and above 48 degrees celcius nociceptors activated)
25
Q

What happens to the Adaption of Touch Receptors

A
  • Touch receptors adapt to constant stimulus by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time
26
Q

What happened with the Two-Point Discrimination test?

A
  • Receptive field: how much area one receptor is in charge of
    • Areas with smaller receptive field, have a greater receptor density, and are better able to discriminate between two point
  • The hand has a smaller receptive field meaning is has a high receptor density (more receptors in an area) compared to the forearm that has a larger receptive field and a lower receptor density
  • Hand: ex. 25 receptors in a square inch
  • Forearm: ex. 9 receptors in a square inch
27
Q

What are receptive fields?

A
  • The area of an organ innervated by the dendrites of a sensory receptor
  • Smaller receptive field = higher resolution
  • These areas are more highly represented in primary somatosensory cortex
28
Q

What happened with the Tactile Localization test?

A
  • Test involves sensory and motor components
  • Being able to match the same spot requires integration and proprioception
  • The receptive field/receptor density concept is the same as the two point discrimination
29
Q

What happened with the Referred Pain test?

A
  • The elbow in the ice that makes the pinky hurt
  • Initially sensation of cold at the elbow but eventually digits IV and V begin to feel cold
  • The ulnar nerves serves that part of the hand, so pain is referred to the hand even though the stimulus is at elbow
30
Q

What are the 3 regions and their specific anatomical locations of each?

A
  • External Ear
    • Auricle
    • Extrenal auditory canal
    • Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • Middle Ear
    • Auditory ossicles
    • Oval Window
    • Auditory tube
  • Inner Ear
    • Bony Labyrinth (3 main components)
31
Q

What does the external ear look like and what are the three main anatomical structures?

A
32
Q

What does the middle ear look like and what are the three anatomical structures?

A
  • Auditory ossicles
  • Oval window
  • Auditory tube
33
Q

What is the inner ear and what are the three main components of the bony labyrinth?

A
  • Anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals
  • Vestibule (9)
    • Oval window (7)
  • Cochlea (11)
    • Cochlear duct (12)
34
Q

Study the ear model

A
35
Q

What is conduction deafness? and how is it tested?

A

Decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves through external and middle ear to hearing receptors in inner ear. This is tested through the Weber and Rinne Tests

36
Q

What is sensorineual deafness? How is it tested?

A

Damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve, or neural pathways to auditory cortex. tested via the weber and rinne tests

37
Q

What is the weber test?

A

The unicorn vibrating thing that tests to see if you are conductive deaf or sensorineural deaf

38
Q

What is the Rinne Test?

A

Air conduction should last twice as long as bond conduction. Time on bone should be equal to time heard near ear.

If less time -> conduction deafness

39
Q

What are the three anatomical structures of the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • Olfactory receptor cells (5)
  • Olfactory Nerves (4)
  • Olfactory Hairs (6)
40
Q

What is the Olfactory adaption test?

A

You hold one nostril and then sniff a scent for as long as you still can smell it then once you stop smelling the scent you unplug your other nostril and you immediately smell the scent again because the olfactory receptor cells on the plugged nostril havent adapted to the scent yet

41
Q

What are the three regions of the eye and their specific structures?

A
  • Outer fibrous tunic
    • Cornea
    • Sclera
  • Middle Vascular Tunic
    • Iris
    • Ciliary body
    • Choroid
  • Sensory Tunic (Retina)
    • Pigmented layer
    • Neural layer
42
Q

Identify:

Outer fibrous tunic

Cornea

Sclera

Middle Vascular Tunic

Iris

Ciliary body

Choroid

Sensory Tunic (Retina)

Pigmented layer

Neural layer

A
43
Q

What is the organization of the retina?

A
44
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A
  • Retina at the back of the eye pulls away from its normal position
    • This separates retinal cells from layer of blood vessels
45
Q

What are different types if retinal detachment and what are different causes?

A
  1. Rhegmatogenous: Most common, happens slowly over time, hole/break in retina
  2. Tractional: scar tissue pulls away retina from underneath
  3. Exudative: rare, fluid under retina but no tear
  4. Age-related shrinkage of vitreous gel
46
Q

What are some risk factors of retinal detachment?

A
  • Age (over 50)
  • Family history
  • Previous retinal detachment
  • Extreme nearsightedness (myopia)
47
Q

What are some symptoms of retinal detachment?

A
  • Photopsia
  • Blurred vision
  • Sudden appearance of many floaters
48
Q

What does the diagnosis for retinal detachment look like?

A
  • Retinal examination
  • Ultrasound imaging
    • Use this as a backup if eye is bleeding
49
Q

What are the treatments for retinal detachment?

A
  • Laser surgery
  • Freezing
    • Both create scarring
  • Need surgery if “detached”
    • Pneumatic retinopexy
    • Scleral bucking
    • Vitrectomy surgery
50
Q

What are some complications with retinal detachment?

A
  • Permanent/severe vision loss
  • Surgical complications
    • Glaucoma
    • Infection
    • Vision loss
    • Bleeding in vitreous cavity
    • Loss of eye (extremely rare)
51
Q

How can you prevent retinal detachment?

A
  • Get treated early
  • When it is just a tear or hold, discuss quick treatment options with physician
52
Q

Retinal detachment review questions: What is retinal detachment? What happens to the retina?

A

The retina is pulled away from its normal position and loses its blood vessel supply

53
Q

Retinal detachment review questions: Why would a physician use ultrasound imaging as a diagnosis?

A

If there is too much bleeding, you cant see the retina with a normal retinal examination

54
Q

Retinal detachment review questions: Name two surgical procedures that are treatments

A

Pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, virectomy surgery

55
Q

Retinal detachment review questions: Do people experience pain from reticular detatchment?

A

No

56
Q

What do the numbers 20/100, 20/20, and 20/5 mean in the Snellen Eye chart?

A
  • 20/100
    • If you are 20 feet away, it will look to you have it would look to someone who is 100 feet away
  • 20/20
    • Normal
  • 20/5
    • If you are 20 feet away, you see what normal people see from 5 feet away
57
Q

What structures on the cow eye do you have to identify?

A

Retina, tapetum lucidum, lens, suspensory ligaments, ciliary body, and cornea

58
Q
A

Physiology 201 (15 decks)

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