Lab 3 Terms and Lesson Flashcards
Simple definition of Epithelial Tissue
Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and form
Simple definition of Muscle Tissue
Causes movement
Simple definition of Nervous Tissue
Receives and generates nerve impulses
Simple definition of Connective Tissue
Connects different tissues, provides a framework, resists pulling forces, provide immunity and stores energy
What is the most abundant primary tissue in the body?
Connective tissue
Simple definition of extracellular matrix
Fibers and ground substance synthesized and secreted by CT cells. (blasts)
Simple definition of ground substance
Fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or hard substance that CT cells (blasts) secrete into the ECM
What types of fibers are found in connective tissues?
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
What is functioned determined by in the connective tissues?
Functions are determined by the properties of the extracellular matrix components
What are the five types of connective tissues?
Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood
What are two types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue and Adipose connective tissue
How are fibers arranged in loose connective tissue?
loosely arranged fibers
What type of cells enter the connective tissues?
Cells involved in body defence
What cells reside in loose connective tissues?
Fibroblasts and adipocytes
What types of fibers are found in loose connective tissue and what is their function?
Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers provide strength, elasticity, and support
What is the consistency of ground-substance in loose connective tissue?
Semi-fluid
What are the three characteristics of Areolar connective tissue?
Cell types: Fibroblasts and immune cells
Fiber types: Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ground Substance: Semi-fluid
What are the locations of areolar connective tissue?
Beneath all epithelial tissues
Subcutaneous layer
Papillary layer
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
Strength
Elasticity
Support
Nutrient diffusion
What are the three characteristics of adipose connective tissue?
Cell types: Contains adipocytes (derived from fibroblasts)
Very little extracellular matrix
Cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery
What are the locations of adipose connective tissue?
Subcutaneous layer of skin
Around heart and kidneys
Yellow bone marrow
What are the functions of adipose connective tissue?
Stores lipids for fuel
Thermal insulation
Cushioning organs and joints
Endocrine function
What does areolar connective tissue look like?
Strings everywhere with fibroblasts. Thin elastic fibers look like hairs running across the top of the thicker fibers
What does adipose connective tissue look like?
looks like bubbles printed on a white paper
What are the two specific types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
Three differences between dense connective tissue and loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue…
- contains more fibers,
- has thicker and more densely packed fibers/components
- has considerable fewer cells than loose connective tissue
How much ground substances does dense connective tissue have?
Very little ground substance
What cell does dense connective tissue have and how much of it?
Few fibroblasts
What are the three characteristics of dense regular connective tissues?
Cell types: few fibroblasts
Fiber types: collagen fibers running in the same direction
Ground substances: very little
What are the locations for dense regular connective tissue?
Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses
What are the functions of dense regular connective tissue?
- Strong attachment between structures
- Withstands tension along long axis of fibers
What does dense regular connective tissue?
wavey thin lines compact together all going the same directions
What are the three characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
Cell types: few fibroblasts
Fiber types: collagen fibers running irregularly
Ground substance: very little
What are the locations for dense irregular connective tissue?
- reticular region of dermis
- fibrous pericardium
- heart valves
What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue?
Resist pulling forces in many directions
What do dense irregular connective tissues look like?
Compact tissues going in all directions. Somewhat like a marble steak
What are the three specific types of cartilage connective tissue?
- Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
- Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
- Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue
What does the extracellular matrix consist of in Cartilage Connective Tissue?
Collagen and elastic fibers which consists of chondroblasts
What do chondroblasts become in cartilage connective tissue?
Become…
- isolated in lacunae
- chondrocytes once fibers are formed
What is the ground substance like in cartilage connective tissue?
Firm, gelatinous ground substance
What is the strength due to in cartilage connective tissue?
Fibers and resiliency due to ground substance
What is the vascularity in cartilage connective tissue?
Avascular
What are the three characteristics of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
Cell types: chondrocytes situated in lacunae
Fiber types: fine collagen fibers
Ground substance: “glossy” gel
What are the locations for hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
- Ends of long bones
- Parts of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- Entire embryonic and fetal skeleton
What are the functions for the hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
- Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints
- Flexibility and support
What are the three characteristics of fibrocartilage connective tissue?
Cell types: fewer lacunae and chondrocytes
Fiber types: thick collagen fibers for tensile strength
Ground substance: gel-like
What are the locations for fibrocartilage connective tissue?
- Pubic symphysis
- Intervertebral discs
- menisci of knee
- Portions of tendons that insert into cartilage
What are the functions of fibrocartilage connective tissue?
Support and joining structures together
Strength and rigidity (strongest type of cartilage)
What are two characteristics of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
Cell types: chondrocytes situated in lacunae
Fiber types: network of elastic fibers
What are the locations for elastic cartilage connective tissue?
- Epiglottis of larynx
- Auricle of external ear
- Auditory tubes
What are the functions of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
- Strength and elasticity
- Maintains shape of certain structures
What does elastic cartilage connective tissue look like?
it looks like spider webs with a bunch of beans in the mix.
What does fibrocartilage connective tissue look like?
Wispy cotton with little dots in it
What are the four characteristics of compact bone connective tissue?
- Hardest of the connective tissues due to inorganic salts
- ECM is organized into lamellae
- Consists of collagen fibers, ground substance, and inorganic salts
- Organized as osteons
What do osteons in compact bone connective tissues contain?
Contains lamellae, lacunae, collagen fibers, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals
What locations are compact bone connective tissues found?
surface of bones
What are the functions of compact bone connective tissues?
- Support
- Protection
- Storage (calcium and phosphorus)
- Enables movement
What are the two characteristics for blood connective tissues?
- ECM is liquid (plasma)
- Contains formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
What are the locations of blood connective tissue?
- within blood vessels
- within chamber of the heart
What are the functions of blood connective tissues?
- Transport O2, CO2, and other nutrients
- Phagocytosis
- Immunity
- Allergic reactions
- Blood clotting
What are the five functions of the skin?
- Provides a waterproof barrier for the body
- Sensory receptors
- Regulates body temperature
- Aids in the production of vitamin D
- Excretion and absorption
What are two major component of the integumentary system?
- Cutaneous membranes (epidermis and dermis)
- Accessory structures (nails, hair, glands)
Simple definition of the epidermis
Outer layer of skin
Simple definition of dermis
Deep layer of skin
What is the epidermis made of?
Made up of stratified squamous epithelium. Kerationcytes, melanocytes, Langerhaus cells, and Merkel cells
What is the dermis made of?
Made up of areolar connective tissue (papillary region) and dense irregular connective tissue (reticular region) containing collagen fibers
What are the Epidermis layers superficial to deep?
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Startum granulosum Stratum spinosum Startum basale
Startum corneum
25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
4-6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes. Only in thick skin
Startum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes going through apoptosis
Stratum spinosum
Many keratinocytes in 8-10 layers. Appear rounded
Stratum basale
Single layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
Thick vs Thin skin main difference
Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum (second most superficial epidermis layer)
Epidermis layer mnemonic
Come - corneum Lets - lucidum Get - gransulosum Some - spinosum Basale - Beer
What is basal cell carcinoma?
- Most common form of skin cancer
- Basal cells grow in the stratum basale
- Occurs in sun-exposed areas
- Not very serious, still needs treatment
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
What are the three main forms of BCC?
- Nodular BCC
- Superficial BCC
- Morpheaform BCC
What is the most common form of skin cancer?
Basal Cell Carcinoma
What does nodular BCC look like?
Dome-shaped bump, might see blood vessels, lesion can bleed easily
What does superficial BCC look like?
Scaly red/pink plaque, can ooze and become crusty
What does morpheaform BCC look like?
Light-colored lesions that look like scars
What are the causes basal cell carcinoma?
- UV rays from the sun
- Tanning beds
- UV rays damage the DNA that code skin cells (Excess amount of basal cells)
- Random other factors
What are some risk factors for basal cell carcinoma?
- Chronic sun exposure
- Radiation therapy to treat acne and other skin conditions
- People with light skin, red/blonde hair, and who burn easily
- Exposure to arsenic (farmers)
- Immune suppressing drugs
- More common in those over the age of 50
- More common for men (women getting it more than ever now)
- Personal/family history
- Inherited syndromes
What are the symptoms of basal cell carcinoma?
- Lesion that won’t stop bleeding
- Lesions with dark spots, with a raised border
- Flat, scaly, reddish patch (common on back and chest)
- Morpheaform BCC
- Pearly white, skin-colored, or pink bump that is translucent
Diagnosis of BCC
- History and general exam
- Skin biopsy
What are the treatments of BCC?
-Surgical excision
-ED + C
-Freezing through cryosurgery
-MOHS surgery
Topical
-Vismodegib and sonidegib
BCC complications
- Recurrence
- Risk of other skin cancers
- BCC spreading in the body (destroys muscles, nerves, and bones)
How many times more likely are you to get SCC and BCC is you use tanning beds
2.5 SCC; 1.5 BCC
How many cases of BCC a year?
4.32 million
What is the cure rate in skin cancer if it is caught early?
95%
What can you do to prevent skin cancer?
- Use sunscreen
- Looks for changes in color, irregularity, size, and border in skin color
What are the two regions of the dermis?
Papillary region and Reticular layer
What is the papillary region of the dermis made of and what does it have?
Made of areolar connective tissue and has dermal papillae and capillary loops
What is the reticular layer of the dermis made of and what does it contain?
Dense irregular connective tissue for strength and elasticity
Contains some adipose tissue, nerves, and glands
Simple definition of the hair shaft
portion of hair that is seen above the scalp composed entirely of keratin
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair, nails, glands
Simple definition of hair root
Portion of hair that lies within the epidermis, composed of dead hair cells
Simple definition of hair bulb
portion of the hair that is actively growing cells
Simple definition of hair papillae
Indentation at the base of the bulb of the hair into which blood vessels may supply the growing hair
What is the Arrector Pili?
A bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to the connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle
What is the function of the Arrector Pili?
Contraction brings hair from a normal angle to perpendicular with the skin. It elevates skin around the shaft causing goose bumps
Why does the muscle (arrector pili) contract?
In response to stress (surprise or cold temperature)
What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?
Eccrine glands and Apocrine glands
What is the main function of the two sudoriferous glands?
Release sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.
What are two characteristics of Eccrine sweat glands?
- Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body
- Secretes hypotonic solution (water, ions, urea, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid)
What are the locations for eccrine sweat glands?
- Most dense in forehead, palms, and soles
- Secreting portion is located in the deep dermis
- Excretory duct projects through the dermis and epidermis and ends as a pore
What are the functions for eccrine sweat glands?
- Regulates body temperature through evaporation
- Thermoregulatory sweating vs emotional sweating
What are the three characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?
- Similar shape to eccrine glands but larger ducts and lumens
- Sweat appears milky or yellowish in color
- Odorless solutions with components of eccrine sweat plus lipids and proteins
What are the locations for the apocrine sweat glands?
- Found mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded regions of the face in adult males
- Secretory portion in the lower dermis of upper subcutaneous layer, and excretory duct opens into hair follicles
What are the functions of the apocrine sweat glands?
- Emotional sweat and during sexual activities
- Not active during thermoregulatory sweating
Where is the Eccrine sweat gland located in relation to the hair bulb?
around the hair attached to the sweat pore but not attached to the bulb
Where is the apocrine sweat gland in relation to the hair bulb?
connected to the hair bulb
What are the characteristics of sebaceous glands?
Oil glands, connected to hair follicles
What are the locations of sebaceous glands?
- Secreting portion lies in the dermis and usually opens into the neck of the hair follicle.
- Absent in palms and soles
What are the functions of sebaceous glands?
- Secrete sebum
- Keeps hair from drying and becoming brittle
- Prevents excessive evaporation
- Inhibits growth of some bacteria
