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Physiology 201 > Lab 3 Terms and Lesson > Flashcards

Lab 3 Terms and Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

Simple definition of Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and form

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2
Q

Simple definition of Muscle Tissue

A

Causes movement

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3
Q

Simple definition of Nervous Tissue

A

Receives and generates nerve impulses

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4
Q

Simple definition of Connective Tissue

A

Connects different tissues, provides a framework, resists pulling forces, provide immunity and stores energy

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5
Q

What is the most abundant primary tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Simple definition of extracellular matrix

A

Fibers and ground substance synthesized and secreted by CT cells. (blasts)

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7
Q

Simple definition of ground substance

A

Fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or hard substance that CT cells (blasts) secrete into the ECM

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8
Q

What types of fibers are found in connective tissues?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

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9
Q

What is functioned determined by in the connective tissues?

A

Functions are determined by the properties of the extracellular matrix components

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10
Q

What are the five types of connective tissues?

A

Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood

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11
Q

What are two types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue and Adipose connective tissue

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12
Q

How are fibers arranged in loose connective tissue?

A

loosely arranged fibers

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13
Q

What type of cells enter the connective tissues?

A

Cells involved in body defence

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14
Q

What cells reside in loose connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts and adipocytes

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15
Q

What types of fibers are found in loose connective tissue and what is their function?

A

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers provide strength, elasticity, and support

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16
Q

What is the consistency of ground-substance in loose connective tissue?

A

Semi-fluid

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17
Q

What are the three characteristics of Areolar connective tissue?

A

Cell types: Fibroblasts and immune cells
Fiber types: Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ground Substance: Semi-fluid

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18
Q

What are the locations of areolar connective tissue?

A

Beneath all epithelial tissues
Subcutaneous layer
Papillary layer

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19
Q

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Strength
Elasticity
Support
Nutrient diffusion

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20
Q

What are the three characteristics of adipose connective tissue?

A

Cell types: Contains adipocytes (derived from fibroblasts)
Very little extracellular matrix
Cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery

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21
Q

What are the locations of adipose connective tissue?

A

Subcutaneous layer of skin
Around heart and kidneys
Yellow bone marrow

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22
Q

What are the functions of adipose connective tissue?

A

Stores lipids for fuel
Thermal insulation
Cushioning organs and joints
Endocrine function

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23
Q

What does areolar connective tissue look like?

A

Strings everywhere with fibroblasts. Thin elastic fibers look like hairs running across the top of the thicker fibers

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24
Q

What does adipose connective tissue look like?

A

looks like bubbles printed on a white paper

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25
Q

What are the two specific types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

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26
Q

Three differences between dense connective tissue and loose connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue…

  • contains more fibers,
  • has thicker and more densely packed fibers/components
  • has considerable fewer cells than loose connective tissue
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27
Q

How much ground substances does dense connective tissue have?

A

Very little ground substance

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28
Q

What cell does dense connective tissue have and how much of it?

A

Few fibroblasts

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29
Q

What are the three characteristics of dense regular connective tissues?

A

Cell types: few fibroblasts
Fiber types: collagen fibers running in the same direction
Ground substances: very little

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30
Q

What are the locations for dense regular connective tissue?

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses

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31
Q

What are the functions of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • Strong attachment between structures

- Withstands tension along long axis of fibers

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32
Q

What does dense regular connective tissue?

A

wavey thin lines compact together all going the same directions

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33
Q

What are the three characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Cell types: few fibroblasts
Fiber types: collagen fibers running irregularly
Ground substance: very little

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34
Q

What are the locations for dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • reticular region of dermis
  • fibrous pericardium
  • heart valves
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35
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Resist pulling forces in many directions

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36
Q

What do dense irregular connective tissues look like?

A

Compact tissues going in all directions. Somewhat like a marble steak

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37
Q

What are the three specific types of cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
  • Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
  • Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue
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38
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of in Cartilage Connective Tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers which consists of chondroblasts

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39
Q

What do chondroblasts become in cartilage connective tissue?

A

Become…

  • isolated in lacunae
  • chondrocytes once fibers are formed
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40
Q

What is the ground substance like in cartilage connective tissue?

A

Firm, gelatinous ground substance

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41
Q

What is the strength due to in cartilage connective tissue?

A

Fibers and resiliency due to ground substance

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42
Q

What is the vascularity in cartilage connective tissue?

A

Avascular

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43
Q

What are the three characteristics of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

A

Cell types: chondrocytes situated in lacunae
Fiber types: fine collagen fibers
Ground substance: “glossy” gel

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44
Q

What are the locations for hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Ends of long bones
  • Parts of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • Entire embryonic and fetal skeleton
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45
Q

What are the functions for the hyaline cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints

- Flexibility and support

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46
Q

What are the three characteristics of fibrocartilage connective tissue?

A

Cell types: fewer lacunae and chondrocytes
Fiber types: thick collagen fibers for tensile strength
Ground substance: gel-like

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47
Q

What are the locations for fibrocartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Intervertebral discs
  • menisci of knee
  • Portions of tendons that insert into cartilage
48
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage connective tissue?

A

Support and joining structures together

Strength and rigidity (strongest type of cartilage)

49
Q

What are two characteristics of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A

Cell types: chondrocytes situated in lacunae

Fiber types: network of elastic fibers

50
Q

What are the locations for elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Epiglottis of larynx
  • Auricle of external ear
  • Auditory tubes
51
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage connective tissue?

A
  • Strength and elasticity

- Maintains shape of certain structures

52
Q

What does elastic cartilage connective tissue look like?

A

it looks like spider webs with a bunch of beans in the mix.

53
Q

What does fibrocartilage connective tissue look like?

A

Wispy cotton with little dots in it

54
Q

What are the four characteristics of compact bone connective tissue?

A
  • Hardest of the connective tissues due to inorganic salts
  • ECM is organized into lamellae
  • Consists of collagen fibers, ground substance, and inorganic salts
  • Organized as osteons
55
Q

What do osteons in compact bone connective tissues contain?

A

Contains lamellae, lacunae, collagen fibers, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals

56
Q

What locations are compact bone connective tissues found?

A

surface of bones

57
Q

What are the functions of compact bone connective tissues?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Storage (calcium and phosphorus)
  • Enables movement
58
Q

What are the two characteristics for blood connective tissues?

A
  • ECM is liquid (plasma)

- Contains formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

59
Q

What are the locations of blood connective tissue?

A
  • within blood vessels

- within chamber of the heart

60
Q

What are the functions of blood connective tissues?

A
  • Transport O2, CO2, and other nutrients
  • Phagocytosis
  • Immunity
  • Allergic reactions
  • Blood clotting
61
Q

What are the five functions of the skin?

A
  • Provides a waterproof barrier for the body
  • Sensory receptors
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Aids in the production of vitamin D
  • Excretion and absorption
62
Q

What are two major component of the integumentary system?

A
  • Cutaneous membranes (epidermis and dermis)

- Accessory structures (nails, hair, glands)

63
Q

Simple definition of the epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin

64
Q

Simple definition of dermis

A

Deep layer of skin

65
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Made up of stratified squamous epithelium. Kerationcytes, melanocytes, Langerhaus cells, and Merkel cells

66
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Made up of areolar connective tissue (papillary region) and dense irregular connective tissue (reticular region) containing collagen fibers

67
Q

What are the Epidermis layers superficial to deep?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Startum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Startum basale
68
Q

Startum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

69
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

4-6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes. Only in thick skin

70
Q

Startum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes going through apoptosis

71
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Many keratinocytes in 8-10 layers. Appear rounded

72
Q

Stratum basale

A

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

73
Q

Thick vs Thin skin main difference

A

Thin skin lacks stratum lucidum (second most superficial epidermis layer)

74
Q

Epidermis layer mnemonic

A 
Come - corneum
Lets - lucidum
Get - gransulosum
Some - spinosum
Basale - Beer
75
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Most common form of skin cancer
  • Basal cells grow in the stratum basale
  • Occurs in sun-exposed areas
  • Not very serious, still needs treatment
76
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
77
Q

What are the three main forms of BCC?

A
  • Nodular BCC
  • Superficial BCC
  • Morpheaform BCC
78
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

79
Q

What does nodular BCC look like?

A

Dome-shaped bump, might see blood vessels, lesion can bleed easily

80
Q

What does superficial BCC look like?

A

Scaly red/pink plaque, can ooze and become crusty

81
Q

What does morpheaform BCC look like?

A

Light-colored lesions that look like scars

82
Q

What are the causes basal cell carcinoma?

A
  • UV rays from the sun
  • Tanning beds
  • UV rays damage the DNA that code skin cells (Excess amount of basal cells)
  • Random other factors
83
Q

What are some risk factors for basal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Chronic sun exposure
  • Radiation therapy to treat acne and other skin conditions
  • People with light skin, red/blonde hair, and who burn easily
  • Exposure to arsenic (farmers)
  • Immune suppressing drugs
  • More common in those over the age of 50
  • More common for men (women getting it more than ever now)
  • Personal/family history
  • Inherited syndromes
84
Q

What are the symptoms of basal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Lesion that won’t stop bleeding
  • Lesions with dark spots, with a raised border
  • Flat, scaly, reddish patch (common on back and chest)
  • Morpheaform BCC
  • Pearly white, skin-colored, or pink bump that is translucent
85
Q

Diagnosis of BCC

A
  • History and general exam

- Skin biopsy

86
Q

What are the treatments of BCC?

A

-Surgical excision
-ED + C
-Freezing through cryosurgery
-MOHS surgery
Topical
-Vismodegib and sonidegib

87
Q

BCC complications

A
  • Recurrence
  • Risk of other skin cancers
  • BCC spreading in the body (destroys muscles, nerves, and bones)
88
Q

How many times more likely are you to get SCC and BCC is you use tanning beds

A

2.5 SCC; 1.5 BCC

89
Q

How many cases of BCC a year?

A

4.32 million

90
Q

What is the cure rate in skin cancer if it is caught early?

91
Q

What can you do to prevent skin cancer?

A
  • Use sunscreen

- Looks for changes in color, irregularity, size, and border in skin color

92
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary region and Reticular layer

93
Q

What is the papillary region of the dermis made of and what does it have?

A

Made of areolar connective tissue and has dermal papillae and capillary loops

94
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis made of and what does it contain?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue for strength and elasticity
Contains some adipose tissue, nerves, and glands

95
Q

Simple definition of the hair shaft

A

portion of hair that is seen above the scalp composed entirely of keratin

96
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

A

Hair, nails, glands

97
Q

Simple definition of hair root

A

Portion of hair that lies within the epidermis, composed of dead hair cells

98
Q

Simple definition of hair bulb

A

portion of the hair that is actively growing cells

99
Q

Simple definition of hair papillae

A

Indentation at the base of the bulb of the hair into which blood vessels may supply the growing hair

100
Q

What is the Arrector Pili?

A

A bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to the connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle

101
Q

What is the function of the Arrector Pili?

A

Contraction brings hair from a normal angle to perpendicular with the skin. It elevates skin around the shaft causing goose bumps

102
Q

Why does the muscle (arrector pili) contract?

A

In response to stress (surprise or cold temperature)

103
Q

What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?

A

Eccrine glands and Apocrine glands

104
Q

What is the main function of the two sudoriferous glands?

A

Release sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.

105
Q

What are two characteristics of Eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body
  • Secretes hypotonic solution (water, ions, urea, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid)
106
Q

What are the locations for eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Most dense in forehead, palms, and soles
  • Secreting portion is located in the deep dermis
  • Excretory duct projects through the dermis and epidermis and ends as a pore
107
Q

What are the functions for eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Regulates body temperature through evaporation

- Thermoregulatory sweating vs emotional sweating

108
Q

What are the three characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Similar shape to eccrine glands but larger ducts and lumens
  • Sweat appears milky or yellowish in color
  • Odorless solutions with components of eccrine sweat plus lipids and proteins
109
Q

What are the locations for the apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Found mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded regions of the face in adult males
  • Secretory portion in the lower dermis of upper subcutaneous layer, and excretory duct opens into hair follicles
110
Q

What are the functions of the apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Emotional sweat and during sexual activities

- Not active during thermoregulatory sweating

111
Q

Where is the Eccrine sweat gland located in relation to the hair bulb?

A

around the hair attached to the sweat pore but not attached to the bulb

112
Q

Where is the apocrine sweat gland in relation to the hair bulb?

A

connected to the hair bulb

113
Q

What are the characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands, connected to hair follicles

114
Q

What are the locations of sebaceous glands?

A
  • Secreting portion lies in the dermis and usually opens into the neck of the hair follicle.
  • Absent in palms and soles
115
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous glands?

A
  • Secrete sebum
  • Keeps hair from drying and becoming brittle
  • Prevents excessive evaporation
  • Inhibits growth of some bacteria

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