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Physiology 201 > Lab 4 Terms and Lesson > Flashcards

Lab 4 Terms and Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system as a whole?

A

-Support -Protection -Assistance in movement -Mineral homeostasis -Erythrocyte production -Triglyceride storage

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2
Q

What are the six bone classifications?

A

-Long bones -Short bones -Flat bones -Sesamoid -Irregular -Sutural

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3
Q

Define long bones

A

Longer than they are wide

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4
Q

Define short bones

A

Almost equal in length and width

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5
Q

Define flat bones

A

Relatively flat but may be curved

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6
Q

Define sesamoid bones

A

Develop where there is friction, tension , and or stress

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7
Q

Define irregular bones

A

Complex shape

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8
Q

Define sutural bones

A

Located between some cranial bones (formed between structures)

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9
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Humorous, femur, phalanges, many bones in our appendages

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10
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle bones

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11
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Scapula, sternum, ribs, and cranial bones

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12
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Knee cap, not born with them

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13
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebra and facial bones

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14
Q

Examples of sutural bones

A

The bones between cranial bones. It is between bones so its a fontanel

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15
Q

How many bones are along the axis of the body?

A

80 bones

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16
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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17
Q

Define foramen

A

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

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18
Q

Define condyle

A

Round prominence that articulates with another bone

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19
Q

Define protuberance

A

A blunt projection from the surrounding bone (usually larger)

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20
Q

Define process

A

A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

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21
Q

Define fossa

A

A shallow depression in a bone

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22
Q

Define facet

A

A smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex surface for articulation

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23
Q

Define meatus

A

A tube-like opening in a bine

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24
Q

Define head (a bone feature)

A

A rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

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25
Q

What parts make up the axis of the body?

A

The head, neck, torso, and spine

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26
Q

What parts make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper and lower limbs and the bones of girdles

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27
Q

What 8 bones make up the cranial bones?

A
  • 2 paired: Parietal and temporal bones
  • 4 single: Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid
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28
Q

What are the 4 main sutures in the cranial bones?

A
  • Coronal
  • Sagittal
  • Lambdoid
  • Squamous (2)
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29
Q

What 14 bones make up the facial bones?

A
  • 6 paired: Maxillae, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, and palatine
  • 2 single: Mandible and vomer
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30
Q

Where are the parietal bones (2) of the cranial cavity?

A

Superior lateral walls of cranial cavity (pink bones: one on each side. Only one pictured below)

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31
Q

Where are the temporal bones (2) of the cranial cavity?

A

Inferior lateral walls of cranial cavity; house organs of inner ear (purple bone: only one pictured below)

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32
Q

What are the 5 features of the temporal bones?

A
  • External auditory meatus (Tube like opening for ear…auditory)
  • Zygomatic process (long outgrowth of the temporal bone that connects the temporal bones to the zygomatic bones)
  • Styloid process (pointy outgrowth hiddne underneath the mandible that often breaks off of lab skulls)
  • Mastoid process (the MASsive boney growth behind the ear)
  • Mandibular fossa (a shallow, smooth cave-like opening under the zygomatic arch that allows for the mandible to go into it so it can open and close)
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33
Q

Where is the frontal bone (1) in the cranial cavity?

A

Anterior portion of cranial cavity (light blue bone indicated below)

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34
Q

What is the one bone feature of the frontal bone?

A

Supraorbital foramen (little symmetrical openings in the eye sockets where blood vessels run through)

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35
Q

Where is the occipital bone (1) in the cranial cavity?

A

Posterior wall of cranial cabvity (orange bone indicated below)

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36
Q

What are the 3 features of the occipital bone?

A
  • Foramen magnum (huge opening under the skull that allows for the spinal cord to go through to the brain)
  • External occipital protuberance (the large bumpy area posterior to your neck)
  • Occipital condyle (two medium sized round outgrowths on the anterior side of the foramen magnum closest to the temporal bones)
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37
Q

What is the difference between a protuberance, condyle, and process?

A

They are all outgrowths that come from a larger bone or body however…

  • Condyles are round (hint: c is round)
  • Protuberance is very large and not necessarily round
  • Process is smaller than protuberance and isn’t necessarily round
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38
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone (1) of the cranial cavity?

A

Floor and anterior wall of cranial cavity (red bone below)

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39
Q

What are the 6 bone features of the ethmoid bone of the cranial cavity?

A
  • Crista galli (the triangular midline process that gives anterior attachment to other bones above it)
  • Cribriform plate
  • Superior nasal conchae
  • Middle nasal conchae
  • Perpendicular plate
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40
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone (1) and what is its function?

A

Serves to unite the cranial and facial bones, acting as a keystone to strengthen the lateral walls of the cranium (green bone)

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41
Q

What are the 4 features of the sphenoid bone?

A
  • Sella turcica (the seat like structure in the middle of the sphenoid bone)
  • Lesser wings (the thin wings that are sutured to the frontal bone)
  • Greater wings (the smooth cup like wings)
  • Optic foramen (the small two holes on either side of the sella turcica that allow for vessels and nerves to come through)
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42
Q

What bones does the coronal suture connect?

A

The frontal and parietal bones

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43
Q

What bones does the sagittal suture connect?

A

The two parietal bones

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44
Q

What bones does the lambdoid suture connect?

A

The occipital and parietal bones

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45
Q

What bones do the squamous sutures (2) connect?

A

The parietal bones and the temporal bones

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46
Q

Where are the maxilla of the facial bones?

A

The two maxillae together form the upper jaw bone. The maxillae also form the interior and medial portions of the eye orbit, and part of the bony roof of the mouth (Yellow bones)

47
Q

What are the two features of the facial bones?

A
  • Alveoli (the little holes where all the teeth come out of)
  • Palatine process (the hard palate)
48
Q

Where is the mandible (1) of the facial bones?

A

The lower jaw bone that articulates with the temporal bone. The mandible also has alveoli for articulation with the teeth (off white bone)

49
Q

How do you talk about the feature of a bone?

A

Feature of the Specific Bone

50
Q

What are the 5 features of the mandible?

A
  • Body (the place where you place most of your fingers in the “thinker” pose)
  • Ramus (the portion of the jaw posterior to the body portion)
  • Condylar process (mandibular condyle) (round outgrowth of the jaw that fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone for movement purposes)
  • Coronoid process (the bottle opener like area immediately anterior to the condylar process)
  • Mental foramina (the two small holes on the body inferior to the teeth)
  • Alveoli (the small cave like holes that the teeth sit in)
51
Q

Where are the zygomatic bones (2) of the facial bones?

A

The two bones form the cheekbones and the later portion of the eye orbits (bright red bones)

52
Q

What is the one bone feature in the zygomatic bones?

A

-Temporal process (the outgrowth of the zygomatic bones that connects to the zygomatic arch of the temporal bones)

53
Q

Where are the lacrimal bones (2) of the facial bones?

A

Contribute to the medial portion of each eye orbit (dark purple bones)

54
Q

Where are the nasal bones (2) of the facial bones?

A

Nasal bones form the superior portion of the bridge of the nose

55
Q

Where is the vomer (1) of the facial bones?

A

Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum (the top pointer)

56
Q

Where is the inferior nasal conchae (2) of the facial bones?

A

Lie inside the nasal cavity and serve to increase the turbulance of air flowing through in route to the lungs (the lower pointer)

57
Q

Where are the palatine bones (2) of the facial bones?

A

L-shaped bones that form, with the maxillae, part of the bony roof of the mouth and a small portion of the eye orbit

58
Q

What 7 bones make up the eye orbit?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Zygomatic
  • Lacrimal
  • Maxilla
  • Palatine
59
Q

How to remember the 7 bones of the orbit of the eye

A

People = Palatine

Say = Sphenoid

Zorro = Zygomatic

Makes = Maxilla

Fencing = frontal

Look = lacrimal

Easy = Ethmoid

60
Q

What are the three ossicles (little bones) in the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
61
Q

How to remember the first three bone features of the ethmoid bone?

A

Little gal named crista (cristal galli) has to sit in her crib (cribriform plate) because she is smelly (olfactory foramen)

62
Q

Discuss the hyoid bone

A
  • Not attached to axial skeleton but included because of its midline location and proximity to mandible and vertebral column
  • U shaped
  • No articulations with any other bones
  • Adams apple
63
Q

What bones does the fetal skull have and what sutures?

A
  • 2 Frontal bones
  • 2 Parietal bones
  • 2 Temporal bones
  • 1 Occipital bone
  • Frontal, saggital, coronal, and lambdoid sutures
64
Q

Define fontanelles

A

The space between the bones of a skull where the sutures intersect.

  • They are covered by tough membranes
  • Have 2 types: anterior (front of skull) and posterior (back of skull) fontanelles
65
Q

What is the function of fontanelles?

A

They allow space for your skull bones to grow

66
Q

When do fontanelles close up?

A

Within 2 months

67
Q

What is the nickname for the anterior fontanelle

A

“Soft spot”

68
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A
  • Congenital abnormality where there is an early closing of at least on suture
  • AKA synostosis or cranial stenosis
  • Limited or disfigured head growth
69
Q

What are the four times of craniosynostosis?

A
  • Saggital synostosis
  • Metopic synostosis
  • Coronal synostosis
  • Lambdoid synostosis
70
Q

What is saggital synostosis?

A

Most common type of craniosynostosis, produces a boat-shaped head

71
Q

What is metopic synostosis?

A

Ridge down forehead, eyes are close together

72
Q

What is coronal synostosis?

A

Elevation of eye socket, displacement of nose

73
Q

What is lambdoid synostosis?

A

Rare, can be unilateral or bilateral

74
Q

What is the most and least common craniosynostosis?

A

Saggital is most common, lambdoid is least common

75
Q

What are cause of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis?

A

They have not been identified yet however it may be the result of a cell defect in sutures

76
Q

What are the causes of syndromic craniosyntosis?

A

Genes are mutated. They can be associated with genetic disorders such as:

  • Crouzon syndrome
  • Carpenter syndrome
  • Pfeiffer syndrome
  • Saetchra-Chotzen syndrome
77
Q

What are the risk factors for craniosynostosis?

A
  • Risk factors are really unknown
  • Positive family histy of craniostosis
  • Studies say more research needs to be done with greater sample sizes to confirm the role of environmental factors in decreasing the risk for craniosynostosis
  • Much more common in boys than girls
78
Q

What are symptoms of craniosynostosis?

A
  • Most common sign is abnormal head shape
  • Headaches from intracranial pressure
  • very fast rate of head growth
  • Asymmetric eye sockets
  • Absent soft spot
  • Bony ridges on sutures
79
Q

What does the diagnosis for craniosynostosis look like?

A

Referral to and physocal exam with a neurosurgeon (most common)

-Prenatal and birth history

Can be confirmed with X-ray or a CT scan

80
Q

What are the treatments for craniosynostosis?

A
  • Endoscopic synostosis repair: incisions made near the fused suture
  • Need to be 6 months of age
  • Cranial modling device, need to wear for 23 hrs/day for 9-12 months
  • Cranial vault remodeling: incision made from ear to ear, they take out abnormal bone and model it
81
Q

What are some complications of craniosynostosis?

A
  • Increased Pressure on the brain: can cause blindness, seizures, brain damage
  • Permanent/severe head deformity
  • Developmental delay
  • Does the brain have room to grow?
82
Q

What are some misconceptions and facrs about craniosynostosis?

A
  • 1 in 2000 births
  • Sagittal craniosynostosis = approximately 60% of cases
  • Lambdoid craniosynostosis = approximately less than 2% of cases
  • Different from deformational plagiocephaly (flat head), as craniosynostosis is not self-correcting over time on its own
83
Q

What is prevention for craniosynostosis?

A

-Since we do not know the true cause of craniosynostosis, we do not really know how to prevent it.

84
Q

What are the four fontanels of the fetal skull?

A
  • Anterior fontanel
  • Anterolateral fontanel
  • Posterior fontanel
  • Posterolateral fontanel
85
Q

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacrum (1)
  • Coccyx (1)
86
Q

How do you remember the order of the top three regions of the vertebral column?

A

Grandma have breakfast at 7 (cervical), lunch at 12 (thoracic) and dinner at 5 (lumber)

87
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

A

7

88
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

A

12

89
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

A

5

90
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region of the vertebral column?

A

1

91
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx region of the vertebral column?

A

1

92
Q

What does the curvature of the spine look like?

A
93
Q

How many curves are in a fetal spine?

A

1

94
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral deviation

95
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Exaggerated thoracic curve

96
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Exaggerated lumbar curve

97
Q

What does the superior view of a generic vertebra look like?

A
98
Q

What does the lateral view of a generic vertebra look like?

A
99
Q

What does a typical cervical vertabra look like?

A
100
Q

What does an axis (C2) vertabra look like?

A
101
Q

Where are the cervical vertebrae on the spine?

A
102
Q

What are some differences between a typical cervical vertebra (C3), Axis (C2), and Atlas (C1)?

A
103
Q

Where are the thoracic vertebrae on the spine?

A
104
Q

What does a thoracic vertebra look like?

A
105
Q

Where are the lumbar vertebrae on the spine?

A
106
Q

What does a lumbar vertebra look like?

A
107
Q

What animal does a cervical vertebra look like?

A
108
Q

What animal does a thoracic vertebra look like?

A
109
Q

What animal does a lumbar vertebra look like?

A
110
Q

What do the sacrum and coccyx look like?

A
111
Q

What do the 12 pairs of ribs consist of?

A

1-7 true ribs

8-12 false ribs

8-10 vertebrochondral ribs

11-12 floating ribs

112
Q

What does the sternum look like and what is it?

A

Narrow, flat bone composed of 3 fused bones

113
Q

What does a rib look like?

A
114
Q
A

Physiology 201 (15 decks)

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