Lab 4 Terms and Lesson Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system as a whole?
-Support -Protection -Assistance in movement -Mineral homeostasis -Erythrocyte production -Triglyceride storage
What are the six bone classifications?
-Long bones -Short bones -Flat bones -Sesamoid -Irregular -Sutural
Define long bones
Longer than they are wide
Define short bones
Almost equal in length and width
Define flat bones
Relatively flat but may be curved
Define sesamoid bones
Develop where there is friction, tension , and or stress
Define irregular bones
Complex shape
Define sutural bones
Located between some cranial bones (formed between structures)
Examples of long bones
Humorous, femur, phalanges, many bones in our appendages
Examples of short bones
Wrist and ankle bones
Examples of flat bones
Scapula, sternum, ribs, and cranial bones
Examples of sesamoid bones
Knee cap, not born with them
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebra and facial bones
Examples of sutural bones
The bones between cranial bones. It is between bones so its a fontanel
How many bones are along the axis of the body?
80 bones
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
Define foramen
Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
Define condyle
Round prominence that articulates with another bone
Define protuberance
A blunt projection from the surrounding bone (usually larger)
Define process
A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body
Define fossa
A shallow depression in a bone
Define facet
A smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex surface for articulation
Define meatus
A tube-like opening in a bine
Define head (a bone feature)
A rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
What parts make up the axis of the body?
The head, neck, torso, and spine
What parts make up the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs and the bones of girdles
What 8 bones make up the cranial bones?
- 2 paired: Parietal and temporal bones
- 4 single: Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid
What are the 4 main sutures in the cranial bones?
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous (2)
What 14 bones make up the facial bones?
- 6 paired: Maxillae, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, and palatine
- 2 single: Mandible and vomer
Where are the parietal bones (2) of the cranial cavity?
Superior lateral walls of cranial cavity (pink bones: one on each side. Only one pictured below)
Where are the temporal bones (2) of the cranial cavity?
Inferior lateral walls of cranial cavity; house organs of inner ear (purple bone: only one pictured below)
What are the 5 features of the temporal bones?
- External auditory meatus (Tube like opening for ear…auditory)
- Zygomatic process (long outgrowth of the temporal bone that connects the temporal bones to the zygomatic bones)
- Styloid process (pointy outgrowth hiddne underneath the mandible that often breaks off of lab skulls)
- Mastoid process (the MASsive boney growth behind the ear)
- Mandibular fossa (a shallow, smooth cave-like opening under the zygomatic arch that allows for the mandible to go into it so it can open and close)
Where is the frontal bone (1) in the cranial cavity?
Anterior portion of cranial cavity (light blue bone indicated below)
What is the one bone feature of the frontal bone?
Supraorbital foramen (little symmetrical openings in the eye sockets where blood vessels run through)
Where is the occipital bone (1) in the cranial cavity?
Posterior wall of cranial cabvity (orange bone indicated below)
What are the 3 features of the occipital bone?
- Foramen magnum (huge opening under the skull that allows for the spinal cord to go through to the brain)
- External occipital protuberance (the large bumpy area posterior to your neck)
- Occipital condyle (two medium sized round outgrowths on the anterior side of the foramen magnum closest to the temporal bones)
What is the difference between a protuberance, condyle, and process?
They are all outgrowths that come from a larger bone or body however…
- Condyles are round (hint: c is round)
- Protuberance is very large and not necessarily round
- Process is smaller than protuberance and isn’t necessarily round
Where is the ethmoid bone (1) of the cranial cavity?
Floor and anterior wall of cranial cavity (red bone below)
What are the 6 bone features of the ethmoid bone of the cranial cavity?
- Crista galli (the triangular midline process that gives anterior attachment to other bones above it)
- Cribriform plate
- Superior nasal conchae
- Middle nasal conchae
- Perpendicular plate
Where is the sphenoid bone (1) and what is its function?
Serves to unite the cranial and facial bones, acting as a keystone to strengthen the lateral walls of the cranium (green bone)
What are the 4 features of the sphenoid bone?
- Sella turcica (the seat like structure in the middle of the sphenoid bone)
- Lesser wings (the thin wings that are sutured to the frontal bone)
- Greater wings (the smooth cup like wings)
- Optic foramen (the small two holes on either side of the sella turcica that allow for vessels and nerves to come through)
What bones does the coronal suture connect?
The frontal and parietal bones
What bones does the sagittal suture connect?
The two parietal bones
What bones does the lambdoid suture connect?
The occipital and parietal bones
What bones do the squamous sutures (2) connect?
The parietal bones and the temporal bones
Where are the maxilla of the facial bones?
The two maxillae together form the upper jaw bone. The maxillae also form the interior and medial portions of the eye orbit, and part of the bony roof of the mouth (Yellow bones)
What are the two features of the facial bones?
- Alveoli (the little holes where all the teeth come out of)
- Palatine process (the hard palate)
Where is the mandible (1) of the facial bones?
The lower jaw bone that articulates with the temporal bone. The mandible also has alveoli for articulation with the teeth (off white bone)
How do you talk about the feature of a bone?
Feature of the Specific Bone
What are the 5 features of the mandible?
- Body (the place where you place most of your fingers in the “thinker” pose)
- Ramus (the portion of the jaw posterior to the body portion)
- Condylar process (mandibular condyle) (round outgrowth of the jaw that fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone for movement purposes)
- Coronoid process (the bottle opener like area immediately anterior to the condylar process)
- Mental foramina (the two small holes on the body inferior to the teeth)
- Alveoli (the small cave like holes that the teeth sit in)
Where are the zygomatic bones (2) of the facial bones?
The two bones form the cheekbones and the later portion of the eye orbits (bright red bones)
What is the one bone feature in the zygomatic bones?
-Temporal process (the outgrowth of the zygomatic bones that connects to the zygomatic arch of the temporal bones)
Where are the lacrimal bones (2) of the facial bones?
Contribute to the medial portion of each eye orbit (dark purple bones)
Where are the nasal bones (2) of the facial bones?
Nasal bones form the superior portion of the bridge of the nose
Where is the vomer (1) of the facial bones?
Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum (the top pointer)
Where is the inferior nasal conchae (2) of the facial bones?
Lie inside the nasal cavity and serve to increase the turbulance of air flowing through in route to the lungs (the lower pointer)
Where are the palatine bones (2) of the facial bones?
L-shaped bones that form, with the maxillae, part of the bony roof of the mouth and a small portion of the eye orbit
What 7 bones make up the eye orbit?
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Zygomatic
- Lacrimal
- Maxilla
- Palatine
How to remember the 7 bones of the orbit of the eye
People = Palatine
Say = Sphenoid
Zorro = Zygomatic
Makes = Maxilla
Fencing = frontal
Look = lacrimal
Easy = Ethmoid
What are the three ossicles (little bones) in the middle ear?
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
How to remember the first three bone features of the ethmoid bone?
Little gal named crista (cristal galli) has to sit in her crib (cribriform plate) because she is smelly (olfactory foramen)
Discuss the hyoid bone
- Not attached to axial skeleton but included because of its midline location and proximity to mandible and vertebral column
- U shaped
- No articulations with any other bones
- Adams apple
What bones does the fetal skull have and what sutures?
- 2 Frontal bones
- 2 Parietal bones
- 2 Temporal bones
- 1 Occipital bone
- Frontal, saggital, coronal, and lambdoid sutures
Define fontanelles
The space between the bones of a skull where the sutures intersect.
- They are covered by tough membranes
- Have 2 types: anterior (front of skull) and posterior (back of skull) fontanelles
What is the function of fontanelles?
They allow space for your skull bones to grow
When do fontanelles close up?
Within 2 months
What is the nickname for the anterior fontanelle
“Soft spot”
What is craniosynostosis?
- Congenital abnormality where there is an early closing of at least on suture
- AKA synostosis or cranial stenosis
- Limited or disfigured head growth
What are the four times of craniosynostosis?
- Saggital synostosis
- Metopic synostosis
- Coronal synostosis
- Lambdoid synostosis
What is saggital synostosis?
Most common type of craniosynostosis, produces a boat-shaped head
What is metopic synostosis?
Ridge down forehead, eyes are close together
What is coronal synostosis?
Elevation of eye socket, displacement of nose
What is lambdoid synostosis?
Rare, can be unilateral or bilateral
What is the most and least common craniosynostosis?
Saggital is most common, lambdoid is least common
What are cause of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis?
They have not been identified yet however it may be the result of a cell defect in sutures
What are the causes of syndromic craniosyntosis?
Genes are mutated. They can be associated with genetic disorders such as:
- Crouzon syndrome
- Carpenter syndrome
- Pfeiffer syndrome
- Saetchra-Chotzen syndrome
What are the risk factors for craniosynostosis?
- Risk factors are really unknown
- Positive family histy of craniostosis
- Studies say more research needs to be done with greater sample sizes to confirm the role of environmental factors in decreasing the risk for craniosynostosis
- Much more common in boys than girls
What are symptoms of craniosynostosis?
- Most common sign is abnormal head shape
- Headaches from intracranial pressure
- very fast rate of head growth
- Asymmetric eye sockets
- Absent soft spot
- Bony ridges on sutures
What does the diagnosis for craniosynostosis look like?
Referral to and physocal exam with a neurosurgeon (most common)
-Prenatal and birth history
Can be confirmed with X-ray or a CT scan
What are the treatments for craniosynostosis?
- Endoscopic synostosis repair: incisions made near the fused suture
- Need to be 6 months of age
- Cranial modling device, need to wear for 23 hrs/day for 9-12 months
- Cranial vault remodeling: incision made from ear to ear, they take out abnormal bone and model it
What are some complications of craniosynostosis?
- Increased Pressure on the brain: can cause blindness, seizures, brain damage
- Permanent/severe head deformity
- Developmental delay
- Does the brain have room to grow?
What are some misconceptions and facrs about craniosynostosis?
- 1 in 2000 births
- Sagittal craniosynostosis = approximately 60% of cases
- Lambdoid craniosynostosis = approximately less than 2% of cases
- Different from deformational plagiocephaly (flat head), as craniosynostosis is not self-correcting over time on its own
What is prevention for craniosynostosis?
-Since we do not know the true cause of craniosynostosis, we do not really know how to prevent it.
What are the four fontanels of the fetal skull?
- Anterior fontanel
- Anterolateral fontanel
- Posterior fontanel
- Posterolateral fontanel
What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacrum (1)
- Coccyx (1)
How do you remember the order of the top three regions of the vertebral column?
Grandma have breakfast at 7 (cervical), lunch at 12 (thoracic) and dinner at 5 (lumber)
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
5
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region of the vertebral column?
1
How many vertebrae are in the coccyx region of the vertebral column?
1
What does the curvature of the spine look like?
How many curves are in a fetal spine?
1
What is scoliosis?
Lateral deviation
What is kyphosis?
Exaggerated thoracic curve
What is lordosis?
Exaggerated lumbar curve
What does the superior view of a generic vertebra look like?
What does the lateral view of a generic vertebra look like?
What does a typical cervical vertabra look like?
What does an axis (C2) vertabra look like?
Where are the cervical vertebrae on the spine?
What are some differences between a typical cervical vertebra (C3), Axis (C2), and Atlas (C1)?
Where are the thoracic vertebrae on the spine?
What does a thoracic vertebra look like?
Where are the lumbar vertebrae on the spine?
What does a lumbar vertebra look like?
What animal does a cervical vertebra look like?
What animal does a thoracic vertebra look like?
What animal does a lumbar vertebra look like?
What do the sacrum and coccyx look like?
What do the 12 pairs of ribs consist of?
1-7 true ribs
8-12 false ribs
8-10 vertebrochondral ribs
11-12 floating ribs
What does the sternum look like and what is it?
Narrow, flat bone composed of 3 fused bones
What does a rib look like?
