Lab 5 Terms and Lessons Flashcards
What four regions make up the appendicular skeleton?
-Bones of the upper extremity -Bones of the pelvic girdle -Bones of the lower extremity -Bones of the pectoral girdles
Define fossa
A shallow depression in a bone
Define neck
A narrowed portion, usually located at the base of the “head” of the bone
Define head
A rounded projection that forms part of a joint
Define tubercle
A small, round process
Define sulcus
Groove, crevice or furrow
Define epicondyle
A projection superior to a condyle
Define tuberosity
A rough, elevated surface
Define notch
A V-like depression in the margin or edge of a flat area
Define crest
Moderately raised and therefore prominent ridge
Define spine
A sharp, pointed, slender projection
Define trochanter
Large blunt bump-like projection (larger than a tubercle)
Define malleolus
The bony prominence on each side of the human ankle
What bones are the pectoral girdles (2) made up of?
-Scapula -Clavicle
What is the clavicle known as?
“Collar bone”
What is significant about the claviculosternal articulation?
It is the only point of attachment of the upper limb
What are the two features of the clavicle?
-Acromial end -Sternal end
What is the scapula known as?
“Shoulder blade”
What are the 9 features of the scapula?
- Acromion
- Spine
- Glenoid cavity
- Coracoid process
- Suprascapular fossa
- Infraspinous fossa
- Subscapular fossa
- Lateral border
- Medial border
What does the anterior view of the scapula look like? And what featurs can you see?
- Acromion
- Coracoid process
- Glenoid cavity
- Lateral border
- Subscapular fossa
- Medial border
What do you need in order to side bones?
- Need a later/medial feature
- Need an anterior/posterior feature
How can we side the scapula?
-Glenoid cavity faces laterally and the spine faces posteriorly
How does the clavicle and and the scapula articulate?
The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromial process of the scapula
How is the pectoral girdle attached to the axial skeleton?
By the articulation of the sternal end of the clavicle with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum
Does the scapula directly articulate with the axial skeleton?
The scapula does not articulate directly with the axial skeleton but is attached to it with muscles
What is the upper limb composed of?
- Humerus
- Ulna (medial)
- Radius (lateral)
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
How many bones are in the upper limb?
30 bones:
- 1 in arm
- 2 in forearm
- 27 in the hand and wrist
What is the humerus?
Only bone in the arm
What are the 14 features of the humerus?
- Head
- Anatomical neck
- Surgical neck
- Greater tubercle
- Lesser tubercle
- intertubercular sulcus
- Deltoid tuberosity
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
- Radial fossa
- Coronoid fossa
- Olecranon fossa
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
How do we side the humerus?
- Head faces medially
- Olecranon fossa faces posteriorly
What does the shoulder joint do and how is it made?
- Connects the upper limb to the pectoral girdle
- Formed by the head of the humerus articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
What is the ulna?
The medial bone in the forearm
What are the 7 features of the ulna?
- Olecranon
- Coronoid process
- Trochlear notch
- Radial notch
- Ulnar tuberosity
- Head
- Styloid process
What is the radius?
- Lateral bone in the forearm
- When pulled on by muscles, the hand rotates
What are the 4 features of the radius?
- Head
- Radial tuberosity
- Ulnar notch
- Styloid process
How do you side the radius and the ulna?
Radius
- Styloid process faces laterally
- “Ski slope” faces anteriorly
Ulna
- Styloid process faces medially
- Trochlear notch faces anteriorly
What are the 6 articulations within the elbow joint?
- The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
- The trochlear notch of the ulnar articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
- The olecranon process of the ulna articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus
- The coronoid process of the ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus
- The radial notch of the ulna articulates with the head of the radius
- The head of the radius articulates with the radial fossa of the humerus
Why do we need to know bones and bone features?
- Assistance in movement
- Muscles attach to bones and cause movement during contraction
What is the origin of muscle movement?
Nonmoving point of attachment when a muscle contracts
What is the insertion site for muscle attachment?
Moves toward the origin. Majority of tension developed when a muscle contracts is focused here
Study the muscle attachment chart for the upper limb
What are the carpals composed of?
Composed of 8 short bones
How are the 8 carpal bones arranged?
They are lined in 2 rows (proximal and distal)
How do you know where to start when naming off the 8 carpal bones?
You start proximally and laterally
What are the 8 carpal bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
What is the mneumonic for carpal bones?
Some = Scaphoid
Lovers = Lunate
Try = Triquetrum
Pisiform = Positions
That = Trapezium
They = Trapezoid
Can’t = Capitate
Handle = Hamate
Where are all the carpals located?
What bones make up the palm of the hand?
5 metacarpal bones numbered in roman numerals starting with I on the thumb and V on the pinkey
Where do you start counting for the metacarpals?
Numbered as roman numerals from I to V starting with the pollex (thumb) moving towards the little finger
What do metacarpals articulate with?
Metacarpals articulate with the carpals proximally and the proximal phalamges distally
What makes up the digits?
The phalanges (phalanx) make up the digits
How are the digits numbered?
The digits are also numbered I to V from the pollex (thumb) to the little finger
What three regions make up the phalanges?
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
What are the five regions of bones in the hand?
Distal phalanges, middle phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals, and carpals
What is the pelvic girdle composed of?
Composed of 2 coxal bones called os coxa that attach the lower limb to the axial skeleton
What are each os coxal made of?
Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of 3 separate bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
What is the ilium of the os coxa?
Largest and most superior of the three components of os coxa
What is the ischium of the os coxa?
The inferior, posterior portion of os coxa
What is the pubis of the os coxa?
The anterior, inferior portion of os coxa
What is the os coxa commonly known as?
“Hip bone”
What are the 2 composite features of the os coxa?
- Acetabulum
- Obturator foramen
What are the 7 features of the ilium of the os coxa?
- Iliac crest
- Posterior superior iliac spine
- Posterior inferior iliac spine
- Greater sciatic notch
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Iliac fossa
What are the 3 features of the ischium?
- Ischial spine
- Lesser sciatic notch
- Ischial tuberosity
What is the 1 feature of the pubis?
-Pubic symphysis
How do you side the os coxa?
The acetabulum faces laterally while the ischial tuberosity faces posteriorly
How can you tell what the sex of the ossa coxae is?
Greater sciatic notch
What bones make up the lower limb?
-Femur, patella, tibia (medial), fibula (lateral), tarsals, metatarsals, and the phalanges
How many bones are in the lower limb?
30 bones
- 4 in the thigh and leg
- 26 in the foot and ankle
What is the femur?
Only bone in the thigh
What are the 12 features of the femur?
- Head
- Neck
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Fovea capitis
- Linea aspera
- Medial condyle
- Lateral condyle
- Medial epicondyle
- Later epicondyle
- Intercondylar fossa
- Gluteal tuberosity
How do you side the femur?
Head faces medially and the linea aspera faces posteriorly
How is the hip joint formed?
- Formed by the acetabulum of the os coxa articulating with the head of the femur
- Connected by a strong ligament inside the joint
Memorize the muscle attachment
What is the patella also known as?
“Knee cap”
What are the 2 features of the patella?
- Base
- Apex
What is the tibia
Medial bone in the leg
What are the 6 features of the tibia?
- Tibial tuberosity
- Medial condyle
- Lateral condyle
- Intercondylar eminence
- Medial malleolus
- Anterior border (or anterior crest)
What are the 2 features of the fibula?
- Head
- Lateral malleolus
What is the fibula?
Lateral bone in the leg
How do you side the tibia?
- Medial malleolus faces medially
- Tibial tuberosity faces anteriorly
How is the knee joint formed?
Formed by the articulation of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia. The patella articulates with the condyles of the femur. The fibula does not form part of the knee joint.
What are the 5 tarsals?
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms
What are the metatarsals?
I-V from the great toe to the little toe
What is different about the great toe compared to the other toes?
The great toe has 2 phalanges. The other II-V have proximal, middle and distal phalanges.
