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Physiology 201 > Lab 9 Terms and Lesson > Flashcards

Lab 9 Terms and Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organization of nerves?

A

Axons and their myelin sheaths are covered by Endoneurium. A bundle of axons covered by Endoneurium makes a fascicle which is covered Perineurium. A bundle of fascicles covered by Perineurium is covered by Epineurium to make a Spinal Nerve

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2
Q

Define Epineurium

A

Surrounds whole nerve

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3
Q

Define Perineurium

A

Surrounds each fascicle

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4
Q

Define Endoneurium

A

Covers myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

What is Cranial Nerve I and what is its function and action?

A
  • Olfactory I
  • Function: Sensory
  • Action: Smell
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6
Q

What is Cranial Nerve II and what is its function and action?

A
  • Optic II
  • Function: Sensory
  • Action: Vision
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7
Q

What is Cranial Nerve III and what is its function and action?

A
  • Occulomotor III
  • Function: Motor
  • Action: Moves eye, pupil
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8
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IV and what is its function and action?

A
  • Trochlear IV
  • Function: Motor
  • Action: Moves eyes
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9
Q

What is Cranial Nerve V and what is its function and action?

A
  • Trigeminal V
  • Function: Both sensory and motor
  • Action: Face sensation, chewing
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10
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VI and what is its function and action?

A
  • Abducens VI
  • Function: Motor
  • Action: Moves eye
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11
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VII and what is its function and action?

A
  • Facial VII
  • Function: Both sensory and motor
  • Action: Moves face, salivate
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12
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VIII and what is its function and action?

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Function: Sensory
  • Action: Hearing, balance
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13
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IX and what is its function and action?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal IX
  • Function: Both sensory and motor
  • Action: Taste and swallow
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14
Q

What is Cranial Nerve X and what is its function and action?

A
  • Vagus X
  • Function: Both sensory and motor
  • Heart rate, digestion
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15
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XI and what is its function and action?

A
  • Accessory XI
  • Function: motor
  • Action: Moves head
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16
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XII and what is its function and action?

A
  • Hypoglossal XII
  • Function: motor
  • Action: moves tongue
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17
Q

How do you remember the order of the cranial nerves?

A
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18
Q

How do you remember the order of the functions of the cranial nerves?

A
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19
Q

What cranial nerves do you have to remember for the sheep brain?

A

Cranial nerves I-VI

Olfactory I

Optic II

Occulomotor III

Trochlear IV

Trigeminal V

Abducens VI

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20
Q

Identify the 12 cranial nerves

A
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21
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • Rapid, involuntary motor responses to environmental stimuli detected by sensory receptors
  • Usually protective, fast simple circuits
  • Cerebral decision making not required to initiate the reflex. Aware of the reflex because sensory receptors send signals to the brain
  • If unaware, likely an autonomic reflex
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22
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A
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23
Q

What are the four classifications of reflexes?

A
  • Site of integration-
    • Cranial vs. spinal
  • Effector involved-
    • Somatic vs. autonomic
  • Number of synapses
    • Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic
  • Site of stimulus vs. effector
    • Ipsilateral vs. contralateral vs. bilater
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24
Q

What is the difference between monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic

A

If afferent and efferent neurons are directly connecting (monosynaptic) or if afferent, interneurons, and efferent neurons are connected (polysynaptic)

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25
Q

What is the difference between Ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral?

A
  • Ipsilateral: Stimulus and reflex happen on the same side of the body
  • Contralateral: Stimulus and reflex happen on opposite sides of the body
  • Bilateral: Stimulus happens and the reflex happens on both sides (ex. gagging)
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26
Q

What is the transition of cranial nerves on the models?

A
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27
Q

What is the difference between cranial reflex and spinal reflex?

A
  • Cranial reflex - reflex is integrated at the level of the brain. Cranial nerves
  • Spinal reflex - reflex is integrated at the level of the spine. Spinal nerves
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28
Q

What do somatic and autonomic efferent innervations look like?

29
Q

What is dermatomes anatomy?

A
  • An area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that come from a spinal nerve ganglion
  • Forms connective tissue, including the dermis
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 Sacral
30
Q

What is shingles?

A
  • Also called Herpes Zoster
  • Viral infection that results in a rash
  • Rash only on one side of the torso because of how the nerves split on each side of the dermatomes
31
Q

What are causes of shingles?

A
  • Caused by vericella-zoster virus
  • What other disease does this virus cause? -Chicken pox
  • After chickenpox, the virus us dormant in your nerve tissue
    • However, it can reactivate and cause shingles
32
Q

What are risk factors of shingles?

A
  • Older than 50
  • If you are immunosuppressed, or taking immunosuppressants
  • HIV/AIDS/cancer
    • Cancer treatment
33
Q

What are symptoms of shingles?

A
  • It affects the dermatome (the area of the body along the nerve it had been residing)
  • Pain, burning, tingling (pain is typically the first symptom)
  • Itching, fatigue, headache, fever
  • Fluid-filled blisters, red rash
34
Q

What does the diagnosis for shingles look like?

A
  • Based primarily on history and physical findings
  • Test blood, CSF, or saliva for VZV antibodies
  • Viral detection test from blister/scab sample
35
Q

What are treatments for shingles?

A
  • Antiviral and pain relieving medications
    • Most effective if treatment is started within 72 hours of a rash forming
  • Pain medications can range to perscription narcotics such as hydrocodone
36
Q

What are some complications with shingles?

A
  • Vision loss (ophthalmic shingles)
  • Bacterial skin infections
  • Neurological problems (encephalitis, facial paralysus, hearing/balance problems)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia
37
Q

What are some misconceptions and facts of shingles?

A
  • Younger people can get shingles too
  • 1/2 people who reach age 84 will get shingles at some point
  • Physical contact with open blisters of a rash from shingles cannot give another another person shingles; however, it can give them the chickenpox virus
  • Shingles and chickenpox caused by the same virus, but are different diseases
38
Q

How can you prevent shingles?

A
  • Get the shingles vaccine when you are older (around age 50)
    • These vaccines can be up to 90% effective
39
Q

Shingles review question: The varicella-zoster virus causes shingles and what other disease?

A

Chicken pox

40
Q

Shingles review question: Besides age, what is a major risk factor for shingles?

A

Having a suppressed immune system

41
Q

Shingles review question: What is postherpetic neuralgia?

A

When the rash goes away, but you still experience severe pain due to damaged nerve fibers sending confused signals to the brain

42
Q

Shingles review question: Is shingles contagious?

A

Shingles itself is not contagious, but VZV itself can be passed to someone else

43
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Inervates the diaphragm

44
Q

Look at another picture of the phrenic nerve

45
Q

Where is the axillary nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Inervates the deltoid and teres minor

46
Q

Where is the musculocutaneous nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates the brachialis and biceps brachii

47
Q

Where is the radial nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates the triceps brachii, extensors of the forearm

48
Q

Where is the median nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates flexors of forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris), some muscles of the hand

49
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, most muscles of the hand

50
Q

Where is the femoral nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates iliacus, quadriceps femoris, and sartorius

51
Q

Where is the obturator nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, and part of adductor magnus

52
Q

Where is the sciatic nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus

53
Q

Where is the tibial nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, soleus, and tibialis posterior

54
Q

Where is the common fibular nerve and what muscle does it inervate?

A

Innervates fibularis longus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus

55
Q

Where do the sciatic, tibial, and common fibular nerves end?

56
Q

Reflex chart: Patellar Reflex

A
  • Spinal
  • Somatic
  • Ipsilateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Quadriceps
    • Femoral nerve
57
Q

Reflex chart: Achilles Reflex

A
  • Spinal
  • Somatic
  • Ipsilateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Gastrocnemius, soleous, Tibial nerve
58
Q

Reflex Chart: Flexor Reflex

A
  • Spinal
  • Somatic
  • Ipsilateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Hamstring
    • Sciatic Nerve
59
Q

Reflex Chart: Crossed Extensor Reflex

A
  • Spinal
  • Somatic
  • Contralateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Quadriceps
    • Femoral nerve
60
Q

Reflex Chart: Plantar Reflex

A
  • Spinal
  • Somatic
  • Ipsilateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Flexor Hallicus Longus
    • Flexor Digitorum Longus
    • Tibial Nerve
61
Q

Reflex Chart: Corneal Reflex

A
  • Cranial
  • Somatic
  • Both sides are stimulated and inervated
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Cranial nerve V: Trigeminal
62
Q

Reflex Chart: Gag Reflex

A
  • Cranial
  • Autonomic
  • Both sides are stimulated and inervated
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
    • Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
63
Q

Reflex Chart: Pupillary Light Reflex

A
  • Cranial
  • Autonomic
  • Ipsilateral
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Cranial Nerve II: Optic
    • Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
64
Q

Reflex Chart: Consensual Reflex

A
  • Cranial
  • Autonomic
  • Contralateral (The light stimulus is happening on the other eye but this eye is still contracting)
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Cranial Nerve II: Optic
    • Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
65
Q

Reflex Chart: Salivary Reflex

A
  • Cranial
  • Autonomic
  • Both sides the stimulus occurs and the inervating occurs
  • Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
    • Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
    • Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
66
Q

What do somatic reflexes inervate?

A

Skeletal muscles

67
Q

What do autonomic reflexes inervate?

A

Smooth muscle and glands (ex. salivary gland)

Physiology 201 (15 decks)

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