Lab 9 Terms and Lesson Flashcards
What is the organization of nerves?
Axons and their myelin sheaths are covered by Endoneurium. A bundle of axons covered by Endoneurium makes a fascicle which is covered Perineurium. A bundle of fascicles covered by Perineurium is covered by Epineurium to make a Spinal Nerve
Define Epineurium
Surrounds whole nerve
Define Perineurium
Surrounds each fascicle
Define Endoneurium
Covers myelinated and unmyelinated axons
What is Cranial Nerve I and what is its function and action?
- Olfactory I
- Function: Sensory
- Action: Smell
What is Cranial Nerve II and what is its function and action?
- Optic II
- Function: Sensory
- Action: Vision
What is Cranial Nerve III and what is its function and action?
- Occulomotor III
- Function: Motor
- Action: Moves eye, pupil
What is Cranial Nerve IV and what is its function and action?
- Trochlear IV
- Function: Motor
- Action: Moves eyes
What is Cranial Nerve V and what is its function and action?
- Trigeminal V
- Function: Both sensory and motor
- Action: Face sensation, chewing
What is Cranial Nerve VI and what is its function and action?
- Abducens VI
- Function: Motor
- Action: Moves eye
What is Cranial Nerve VII and what is its function and action?
- Facial VII
- Function: Both sensory and motor
- Action: Moves face, salivate
What is Cranial Nerve VIII and what is its function and action?
- Vestibulocochlear
- Function: Sensory
- Action: Hearing, balance
What is Cranial Nerve IX and what is its function and action?
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Function: Both sensory and motor
- Action: Taste and swallow
What is Cranial Nerve X and what is its function and action?
- Vagus X
- Function: Both sensory and motor
- Heart rate, digestion
What is Cranial Nerve XI and what is its function and action?
- Accessory XI
- Function: motor
- Action: Moves head
What is Cranial Nerve XII and what is its function and action?
- Hypoglossal XII
- Function: motor
- Action: moves tongue
How do you remember the order of the cranial nerves?
How do you remember the order of the functions of the cranial nerves?
What cranial nerves do you have to remember for the sheep brain?
Cranial nerves I-VI
Olfactory I
Optic II
Occulomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Identify the 12 cranial nerves
What are reflexes?
- Rapid, involuntary motor responses to environmental stimuli detected by sensory receptors
- Usually protective, fast simple circuits
- Cerebral decision making not required to initiate the reflex. Aware of the reflex because sensory receptors send signals to the brain
- If unaware, likely an autonomic reflex
How does the reflex arc work?
What are the four classifications of reflexes?
- Site of integration-
- Cranial vs. spinal
- Effector involved-
- Somatic vs. autonomic
- Number of synapses
- Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic
- Site of stimulus vs. effector
- Ipsilateral vs. contralateral vs. bilater
What is the difference between monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic
If afferent and efferent neurons are directly connecting (monosynaptic) or if afferent, interneurons, and efferent neurons are connected (polysynaptic)
What is the difference between Ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral?
- Ipsilateral: Stimulus and reflex happen on the same side of the body
- Contralateral: Stimulus and reflex happen on opposite sides of the body
- Bilateral: Stimulus happens and the reflex happens on both sides (ex. gagging)
What is the transition of cranial nerves on the models?
What is the difference between cranial reflex and spinal reflex?
- Cranial reflex - reflex is integrated at the level of the brain. Cranial nerves
- Spinal reflex - reflex is integrated at the level of the spine. Spinal nerves
What do somatic and autonomic efferent innervations look like?
What is dermatomes anatomy?
- An area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that come from a spinal nerve ganglion
- Forms connective tissue, including the dermis
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 Sacral
What is shingles?
- Also called Herpes Zoster
- Viral infection that results in a rash
- Rash only on one side of the torso because of how the nerves split on each side of the dermatomes
What are causes of shingles?
- Caused by vericella-zoster virus
- What other disease does this virus cause? -Chicken pox
- After chickenpox, the virus us dormant in your nerve tissue
- However, it can reactivate and cause shingles
What are risk factors of shingles?
- Older than 50
- If you are immunosuppressed, or taking immunosuppressants
- HIV/AIDS/cancer
- Cancer treatment
What are symptoms of shingles?
- It affects the dermatome (the area of the body along the nerve it had been residing)
- Pain, burning, tingling (pain is typically the first symptom)
- Itching, fatigue, headache, fever
- Fluid-filled blisters, red rash
What does the diagnosis for shingles look like?
- Based primarily on history and physical findings
- Test blood, CSF, or saliva for VZV antibodies
- Viral detection test from blister/scab sample
What are treatments for shingles?
- Antiviral and pain relieving medications
- Most effective if treatment is started within 72 hours of a rash forming
- Pain medications can range to perscription narcotics such as hydrocodone
What are some complications with shingles?
- Vision loss (ophthalmic shingles)
- Bacterial skin infections
- Neurological problems (encephalitis, facial paralysus, hearing/balance problems)
- Postherpetic neuralgia
What are some misconceptions and facts of shingles?
- Younger people can get shingles too
- 1/2 people who reach age 84 will get shingles at some point
- Physical contact with open blisters of a rash from shingles cannot give another another person shingles; however, it can give them the chickenpox virus
- Shingles and chickenpox caused by the same virus, but are different diseases
How can you prevent shingles?
- Get the shingles vaccine when you are older (around age 50)
- These vaccines can be up to 90% effective
Shingles review question: The varicella-zoster virus causes shingles and what other disease?
Chicken pox
Shingles review question: Besides age, what is a major risk factor for shingles?
Having a suppressed immune system
Shingles review question: What is postherpetic neuralgia?
When the rash goes away, but you still experience severe pain due to damaged nerve fibers sending confused signals to the brain
Shingles review question: Is shingles contagious?
Shingles itself is not contagious, but VZV itself can be passed to someone else
Where is the phrenic nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Inervates the diaphragm
Look at another picture of the phrenic nerve
Where is the axillary nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Inervates the deltoid and teres minor
Where is the musculocutaneous nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates the brachialis and biceps brachii
Where is the radial nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates the triceps brachii, extensors of the forearm
Where is the median nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates flexors of forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris), some muscles of the hand
Where is the ulnar nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, most muscles of the hand
Where is the femoral nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates iliacus, quadriceps femoris, and sartorius
Where is the obturator nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, and part of adductor magnus
Where is the sciatic nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus
Where is the tibial nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, soleus, and tibialis posterior
Where is the common fibular nerve and what muscle does it inervate?
Innervates fibularis longus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus
Where do the sciatic, tibial, and common fibular nerves end?
Reflex chart: Patellar Reflex
- Spinal
- Somatic
- Ipsilateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Quadriceps
- Femoral nerve
Reflex chart: Achilles Reflex
- Spinal
- Somatic
- Ipsilateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Gastrocnemius, soleous, Tibial nerve
Reflex Chart: Flexor Reflex
- Spinal
- Somatic
- Ipsilateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Hamstring
- Sciatic Nerve
Reflex Chart: Crossed Extensor Reflex
- Spinal
- Somatic
- Contralateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Quadriceps
- Femoral nerve
Reflex Chart: Plantar Reflex
- Spinal
- Somatic
- Ipsilateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Flexor Hallicus Longus
- Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Tibial Nerve
Reflex Chart: Corneal Reflex
- Cranial
- Somatic
- Both sides are stimulated and inervated
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Cranial nerve V: Trigeminal
Reflex Chart: Gag Reflex
- Cranial
- Autonomic
- Both sides are stimulated and inervated
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
Reflex Chart: Pupillary Light Reflex
- Cranial
- Autonomic
- Ipsilateral
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Cranial Nerve II: Optic
- Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
Reflex Chart: Consensual Reflex
- Cranial
- Autonomic
- Contralateral (The light stimulus is happening on the other eye but this eye is still contracting)
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Cranial Nerve II: Optic
- Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
Reflex Chart: Salivary Reflex
- Cranial
- Autonomic
- Both sides the stimulus occurs and the inervating occurs
- Type of sensory receptor involved, Nerves involved, Effector involved:
- Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
- Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
What do somatic reflexes inervate?
Skeletal muscles
What do autonomic reflexes inervate?
Smooth muscle and glands (ex. salivary gland)
