Unit 2 - Cell Division - Mar 15 Flashcards
Cell Division
process by which a single cell becomes 2 daughter cells
Cell Proliferation
when cells are actively growing and dividing
Binary Fission
how prokaryotic cells divide (chromosome attached to plasma membrane and is separated by cells and membrane growth)
Eukaryotic Cells divide by
Mitosis - nuclear/chromosome division
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division
Phases and Order of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
M phase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
M phase
mitosis and cytokinesis, chromosome condensation occurs
G1 Phase (Gap 1)
cell grows in size and carries out normal metabolism; organelles duplicate
S Phase (DNA Synthesis)
DNA replication duplicates chromosomes (from one double stranded DNA to sister chromatid/2 double stranded DNA’s synthesis)
G2 Phase (Gap 2)
Cell grows in size and prepares for mitosis
Quiescence
G0 phase, a reversible, non-dividing state (can change to G1 and cell cycle)
Interphase
non-dividing cell, everything except for M phase
Karyotype
an organism’s complete set of chromosomes, homologous set chromosomes behave independently of one another during mitosis
Homologous Chromosome
2 different versions of a chromosome containing alleles (different DNA sequence variants)
Sister Chromatid
2 combined homologous individual chromosomes, exact copy of a chromosome made by replication
Haploid
cell with 1 complete set of chromosomes
Diploid
cell with 2 complete sets of chromosomes
Steps and Order of Cell Division (PPMAT)
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Centromeres
consist of 2 centrioles which consist of modified microtubules
Prophase
Chromosomes Condense (chromatin->chromosomes), centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite
Prometaphase
Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes align in center of cell
Anaphase
sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles
Telophase
Nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense
Kinetochore
mitosis-specific protein assembly on centromeres that connects the centrosome to microtubules of the spindle apparatus