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Molecules and Cells > Unit 2 - Cell Division - Mar 15 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cell Division - Mar 15 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

A

process by which a single cell becomes 2 daughter cells

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2
Q

Cell Proliferation

A

when cells are actively growing and dividing

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3
Q

Binary Fission

A

how prokaryotic cells divide (chromosome attached to plasma membrane and is separated by cells and membrane growth)

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4
Q

Eukaryotic Cells divide by

A

Mitosis - nuclear/chromosome division
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division

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5
Q

Phases and Order of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

A

M phase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase

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6
Q

M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis, chromosome condensation occurs

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7
Q

G1 Phase (Gap 1)

A

cell grows in size and carries out normal metabolism; organelles duplicate

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8
Q

S Phase (DNA Synthesis)

A

DNA replication duplicates chromosomes (from one double stranded DNA to sister chromatid/2 double stranded DNA’s synthesis)

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9
Q

G2 Phase (Gap 2)

A

Cell grows in size and prepares for mitosis

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10
Q

Quiescence

A

G0 phase, a reversible, non-dividing state (can change to G1 and cell cycle)

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11
Q

Interphase

A

non-dividing cell, everything except for M phase

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12
Q

Karyotype

A

an organism’s complete set of chromosomes, homologous set chromosomes behave independently of one another during mitosis

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13
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

2 different versions of a chromosome containing alleles (different DNA sequence variants)

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14
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

2 combined homologous individual chromosomes, exact copy of a chromosome made by replication

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15
Q

Haploid

A

cell with 1 complete set of chromosomes

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16
Q

Diploid

A

cell with 2 complete sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

Steps and Order of Cell Division (PPMAT)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
18
Q

Centromeres

A

consist of 2 centrioles which consist of modified microtubules

19
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes Condense (chromatin->chromosomes), centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite

20
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

21
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in center of cell

22
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles

23
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense

24
Q

Kinetochore

A

mitosis-specific protein assembly on centromeres that connects the centrosome to microtubules of the spindle apparatus

25
Q

The Spindle Apparatus

A

contains MT motor proteins that push and pull the poles apart, “drag” sister chromatids to their poles

26
Q

Bipolar Attachment

A

attachment to both poles of the spindle apparatus

27
Q

Contractile Ring

A

animal cell cytokinesis tool, based on actin and myosin, forms the inner face of the cell membrane between split cells, contracts and pinches the cytoplasm of the cell dividing it in 2

28
Q

Cell Plate

A

plant cell cytokinesis tool, a new cell wall, when big enough fuses with original cell wall between dividing cells

29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division to yield 2 daughter cells

30
Q

Kinase

A

an enzyme that uses ATP to transfer a phosphate to a target, yielding ADP + target-P

31
Q

Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF)

A

is a cyclin-CDK protein complex that causes cells to act like they’re in M phase

32
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

A

needs cyclin, catalyzes phosphorylation of other proteins to start mitosis

33
Q

Cyclin

A

a regulatory protein, bonds to and activates Cyclin-dependent kinase and recognizes target proteins that are phosphorylated by the CDK

34
Q

Checkpoint, and examples?

A

mechanism for stopping progression through the cell cycle when conditions are unfavorable. Ex.: DNA damage checkpoint, DNA Replication Checkpoint, Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

35
Q

DNA Damage Checkpoint

A

(before entering S phase), is DNA damaged

36
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

(at end of G2), Is all DNA replicated?

37
Q

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

A

(before anaphase): are all chromosomes attached to the spindle

38
Q

Apoptosis

A

(cell suicide), and orchestrated series of events used during development to remove cells damaged beyond repair

39
Q

Homozygote

A

a diploid with 2 identical alleles

40
Q

Heterzygote

A

a diploid with 2 different alleles

Molecules and Cells (22 decks)

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