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Anatomy/ Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

-Protection (stratified provides protection) -Absorption -Filtration -Secretion

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2
Q

Epithelium

A

-Cells fit closely together and often form in sheets -The apical (top) surface is the free surface of the tissue -The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane -Avascular (no blood supply) -Regenerate easily if well nourished (every 6 weeks)

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3
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Number of cell layers -Simple: one layer -Stratified: more than one layer -Shape of cells -Squamous -Flattened -Cuboidal -cube-shaped -Columnar -column-like

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4
Q

Simple Squamous

A

-Single layer of flat cells -Usually forms membranes -Lines body cavities -Lines lungs and capillaries

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5
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

-Single layer of cube-like cells -Common in glands and their ducts -Forms walls of kidney tubules -Covers the ovaries

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6
Q

Simple Columnar

A

-Single layer of tall cells -Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells -Lines digestive tract

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7
Q

Pseudo-Stratified Columnar

A

-Single layer but some cells are shorter than others -Often looks like a double layer of cells -Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract -Many function in absorption or secretion -Nuclei tend to be in upper or lower

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8
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

-Stratified squamous -Cells at the apical surface are flattened -Found as a protective covering were friction is common -Locations: -Skin: outer layer epidermis -Mouth -Esophagus

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9
Q

Stratified Cuboidal & Stratified Columnar

A

-Stratified cuboidal-two layers of cuboidal cells -Stratified columnar: surface cells are columnar, cell underneath vary in size and shape -Rare in human body -Found mainly in ducts and large glands -Oviducts -Cystic -Bile duct -Pancreatic Duct

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10
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

-Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching -Lines organs of the urinary system- 250 ml

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11
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

-Gland -One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product -Two major gland types -Endocrine gland - Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels -All secretions are hormones -Exocrine gland -Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface -Includes sweat and oil glands (salivary, gastric)

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12
Q

Endocrine vs. Exocrine System (Types of Glandular Tissue)

A

-Ductless vs. Duct -Hormones vs Juice -Bloodstream vs Locally -Target vs Locally

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13
Q

Locations of Epithelial Tissue

A

-Body covering -Body lining -Glandular tissue

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14
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A

-Found everywhere in the body -Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues -Functions: -Binds body tissues together -Supports the body -Provides protection

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15
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A

-Variations in blood supply -Some tissue types are well vascularized -Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular (cartilage) -Extracellular matrix -Non-living material that surrounds living cells

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16
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

-Two main elements -Ground substance: -Mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules -Fibers -Produced by the cells -Three types -Collagen (white) fibers -Elastic (yellow) fibers -Reticular fibers

17
Q

Bone (Type of Connective Tissue)

A

1.Osteocytes 2.Osteoblast (bone forming) 3.Osteoclast (bone absorption) -Composed of: -Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) -Hard matrix of calcium salts -Large numbers of collagen fibers -Used to protect and support the body

18
Q

Hyaline Cartilage (Types of Connective Tissue)

A

Name for cartilage cell: chrondocyte -Most common type of cartilage -Composed of: -Abundant collagen fibers -Rubbery matrix -Locations: -Larynx -Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

19
Q

Elastic Cartilage (Types of Connective Tissue)

A

-Provides elasticity -Location: -Supports the external ear

20
Q

Fibrocartilage (Type of Connective Tissue)

A

-Highly compressible -Location: -Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

21
Q

Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Fibrous Tissue) *Type of Connective Tissue

A

-Dense Fibrous Tissue -Main matrix element is collagen fiber -Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers -Locations: -Tendons: Attach skeletal muscle to bone -Ligaments: Attach bone to bone joints -Dermis: Lower layers of the skin (under the Epidermis)

22
Q

Areolar Tissue (Type of Connective Tissue) *Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue
  • Most widely distributed connective tissue
  • Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”
  • Functions as a packing tissue
  • Contains all fiber types
  • Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema/ swelling)
23
Q

Adipose Tissue (Connective Tissue) * Loose Connective Tissue

A

-Loose Connective Tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate -Many cells contain large lipid deposits -Functions: -Insulates the body -Protects some organs -Serves as a site of fuel storage

24
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue (Type of Connective Tissue) *Loose Connective Tissue

A

-Loose Connective Tissue -Delicate network of interwoven fibers -Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs -Lymph nodes -Spleen -Bone marrow

25
Q

Blood (Vascular Tissue) *Type of Connective Tissue, Loose Connective Tissue

A

-Loose Connective Tissue -Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma -Fibers are visible during clotting -Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

26
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

-Function is to produce movement -Three types -Skeletal Muscle -Cardiac Muscle -Smooth Muscle

27
Q
  1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
A

Where: Attached to bones Appearance: Striated Shape: Long Columnar Action: Voluntary Nucleus: Multi-nucleated Rhythmic: Non-rhythmic Intercalated Discs: No Speed of Contraction: Slow to Fast

28
Q
  1. Smooth Muscle Tissue
A

Where: Visceral (Internal Organs) Appearance: Non-striated Shape: Tapered point Action: Involuntary Nucleus: Uni Rhythmic: Either due to Blood Vessels (related to heart) Intercalated Discs: No Speed of Contraction: Slower

29
Q

3.Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Where: Heart Appearance: Striated Shape: Branching Y Action: Involuntary Nucleus: Uni-Bi Rhythmic: Rhythmic Intercalated Discs: Yes Speed of Contraction: Slow

30
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Composed of neurons and nerve support cells -Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body -Irritability -Conductivity: Afferent neurons (in)- pickup interneurons: connected- central - Spinal cord- brain Efferent neurons : out- actions- gland or muscle Neurons= transmission Neuroglial: protect brain

31
Q

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

A

-Regeneration: -Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells (Mitosis) -Fibrosis: -Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue) -too much collagen creates scar tissue -Determination of method: -Type of tissue damaged -Severity of the injury

32
Q

Events in Tissue Repair

A

-Capillaries become very permeable -Introduce clotting proteins -A clot walls of the injured area -Formation of granulation tissue -Growth of new capillaries -Rebuild collagen fibers -Regeneration of surface epithelium -Scab detaches

33
Q

Regeneration of Tissue

A

-Tissues that regenerate easily -Epithelial Tissue (skin and mucous membranes) -Fibrous connective tissues and bone -Tissues that regenerate poorly -Skeletal muscle -Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue -Cardiac muscle -Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

Developmental Aspects of Tissue

A

-Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers -Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm(middle layer) -Nervous tissue arises from ectoderm (outside layer) -With old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues

35
Q

Hypertrophy vs. Atrophy

A

-Atrophy: Loss of muscle tone -Hypertrophy: Increase density of muscle

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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