Blood Flashcards
Types of Blood Cells: Shape
- E: Biconcave Disc
- L: Irregular
- T: Fragmented
Types of Blood Cells: Produced Where?
- E: Bone Marrow
- L: Lymph nodes and Spleen
- T: Bone Marrow
Types of Blood Cells: Hormones
- E: Erythropoietin
- L: Thymosin, Interluekin, CSF
- T: Thrombopoietin
Types of Blood Cells: Nucleated?
- E: None
- L: nucleated
- T: none
Types of Blood Cells: Amount
- E: 4-6 million mm^3
- L: 4,800-10,000 mm^3
- T: 150,000-400,000 mm^3
Types of Blood Cells: Function
- E: Transport blood and gas
- L: Protect Immune system
- T: Blood Clotting
Types of Blood Cells: Appearance
- E: Salmon colored
- L: Granular/ Non-granular, clear
- T: blue
Types of Blood Cells: Proteins
- E: Hemoglobin
- L: Antibodies
- T: Fibrogen
Types of Blood Cells: Vitamins
- E: B6, b9, b12
- L: C, E, A
- T: K, B9, B12
Types of Blood Cells: Minerals
- E: iron/copper
- L: magnesium
- T: calcium
Types of Blood Cells: Conditions (more/less)
- E: Polycythemia, anemia
- L: Leukemia, leukopenia
- T: Thrombocytosis, Hemophilia
Types of Blood Cells: Life Span
- E: 120 days
- L: 4-30 days
- T: 5-10 days
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes
- Red Blood Cells
- Leukocytes
- White Blood Cells
- Thrombocytes
- platelets
- Cell fragments
Types of Blood Cells: Size
- E: 6 mm^3
- L: 12-15 mm^3
- T: 2-5 mm^3
Erythrocytes
- Main function is to carry oxygen
- Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
- Biconcave dicks
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Anucleate (No nucleus)
- Contain very few organelles
- 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
- Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
- Iron-containing protein
- Binds strongly, but reversible, to oxygen (can release and attract oxygen)
- Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
- Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
- Normal blood contains 12-18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
Leukocytes
- Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
- These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
- Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
- Can move by ameboid motion
- Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
- 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
Leukocytosis
- WBC count about 11,000 leukocytes/ mm^3
- Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia
- Abnormally low leukocyte level
- Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
Leukemia
-Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC
Granulocytes (Types of Leukocytes)
- Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
- Possess lobed nuclei
- Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes
- Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
- Nuclei are spherical, oval, kidney-shaped
- Include lymphocytes and monocytes
List of White Blood Cells from Most to Least Abundant
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
-Rh- and Rh+
Types of Leukocytes
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Types of Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Neutrophils
- Multi lobed nucleus with fine granules
- Act as phagocytes at active sits of infection
Eosinophils
- Large brick red cytoplasmic granules
- Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
Basophils
- Phil= protein
- Have histamine containing granules
- Initiate inflammation
Types of Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Lymphocytes
- Nucleus fills most of the cell
- Play an important role in the immune response
Monocytes
- Largest of the white blood cells
- Function as macrophages
- Important in fighting chronic infection
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
- Megakaryocytes create thrombocytes
- Needed for the clotting process
- Normal platelet could - 300,000/mm3
Blood
- The only fluid tissue in the human body
- Classified as a connective tissue
- Components:
- Living cells
- formed elements
- Non-living matrix
- plasma
- Living cells
Physical Characteristics of Blood
- Color range:
- Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
- Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
- pH must remain between 7.35-7.45
- Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4 F
- In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5-6 liters or about 6 quarts
- Blood makes up 8% of body weight
Blood when Centrifuged
- Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, percentage known as the hemocrit)
- Buffy coat contains Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood)
- Buffy coat is thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma
- Plasma rises to the top (55% percent
- Buffy coat contains Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood)
Blood Plasma
- Composed of approximately 90% water
- Includes many dissolved substances
- Nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins)
- Salts (electrolytes)
- Respiratory gases
- Hormones
- Plasma proteins
- Waste products
Plasma Proteins
- Most abundant solutes in plasma
- Most plasma proteins are made by the liver
- Various Plasma proteins include:
- Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure
- Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
- Antibodies: help protect the body from pathogens
Acidosis
-Blood becomes too acidic
Alkalosis
-Blood becomes too basic
What happens during Acidosis and Alkalosis?
In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore pH to normal
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell formation
- Occurs in red bone marrow
- All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Hemocytoblast Differentiation
- Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
- Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements
Formation of Erythrocytes
- Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
- Wear out in 100-120 days
- When worn out , RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
- Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
Control of Erythrocytes
- Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)
- Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
- Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
Formation of WBCs and Platelets
- Controlled by hormones
- Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate Leukocytes
- Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets
Hemostasis
- Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
- Hemostasis involves 3 phases
- Vascular spasms (Parasympathetic nervous system)
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
- Hemostasis involves 3 phases
Vascular Spasms
- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm (parasympathetic nervous system)
- Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Coagulation
- Injured tissues released tissue factor (TF)
- PF(underscore 3) (a phospholippid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
