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Anatomy/ Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Shape

A
  • E: Biconcave Disc
  • L: Irregular
  • T: Fragmented
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2
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Produced Where?

A
  • E: Bone Marrow
  • L: Lymph nodes and Spleen
  • T: Bone Marrow
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3
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Hormones

A
  • E: Erythropoietin
  • L: Thymosin, Interluekin, CSF
  • T: Thrombopoietin
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4
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Nucleated?

A
  • E: None
  • L: nucleated
  • T: none
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5
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Amount

A
  • E: 4-6 million mm^3
  • L: 4,800-10,000 mm^3
  • T: 150,000-400,000 mm^3
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6
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Function

A
  • E: Transport blood and gas
  • L: Protect Immune system
  • T: Blood Clotting
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7
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Appearance

A
  • E: Salmon colored
  • L: Granular/ Non-granular, clear
  • T: blue
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8
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Proteins

A
  • E: Hemoglobin
  • L: Antibodies
  • T: Fibrogen
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9
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Vitamins

A
  • E: B6, b9, b12
  • L: C, E, A
  • T: K, B9, B12
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10
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Minerals

A
  • E: iron/copper
  • L: magnesium
  • T: calcium
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11
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Conditions (more/less)

A
  • E: Polycythemia, anemia
  • L: Leukemia, leukopenia
  • T: Thrombocytosis, Hemophilia
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12
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Life Span

A
  • E: 120 days
  • L: 4-30 days
  • T: 5-10 days
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13
Q

Types of Blood Cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
    • Red Blood Cells
  • Leukocytes
    • White Blood Cells
  • Thrombocytes
    • platelets
  • Cell fragments
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14
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Size

A
  • E: 6 mm^3
  • L: 12-15 mm^3
  • T: 2-5 mm^3
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Main function is to carry oxygen
    • Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
      • Biconcave dicks
      • Essentially bags of hemoglobin
      • Anucleate (No nucleus)
      • Contain very few organelles
    • 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Iron-containing protein
    • Binds strongly, but reversible, to oxygen (can release and attract oxygen)
    • Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
    • Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
    • Normal blood contains 12-18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
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17
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
    • These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
    • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
    • Can move by ameboid motion
    • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
    • 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
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18
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • WBC count about 11,000 leukocytes/ mm^3

- Generally indicates an infection

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19
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • Abnormally low leukocyte level

- Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

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20
Q

Leukemia

A

-Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

21
Q

Granulocytes (Types of Leukocytes)

A
  • Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
  • Possess lobed nuclei
  • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
22
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
  • Nuclei are spherical, oval, kidney-shaped
  • Include lymphocytes and monocytes
23
Q

List of White Blood Cells from Most to Least Abundant

A
  • Neutrophils
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
24
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

-Rh- and Rh+

25
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

26
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
27
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Multi lobed nucleus with fine granules

- Act as phagocytes at active sits of infection

28
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Large brick red cytoplasmic granules

- Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

29
Q

Basophils

A
  • Phil= protein
  • Have histamine containing granules
  • Initiate inflammation
30
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Nucleus fills most of the cell

- Play an important role in the immune response

32
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Largest of the white blood cells
  • Function as macrophages
  • Important in fighting chronic infection
33
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
    • Megakaryocytes create thrombocytes
  • Needed for the clotting process
  • Normal platelet could - 300,000/mm3
34
Q

Blood

A
  • The only fluid tissue in the human body
  • Classified as a connective tissue
  • Components:
    • Living cells
      • formed elements
    • Non-living matrix
      - plasma
35
Q

Physical Characteristics of Blood

A
  • Color range:
    • Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
    • Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
  • pH must remain between 7.35-7.45
  • Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4 F
  • In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5-6 liters or about 6 quarts
  • Blood makes up 8% of body weight
36
Q

Blood when Centrifuged

A
  • Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, percentage known as the hemocrit)
    • Buffy coat contains Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood)
      • Buffy coat is thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma
    • Plasma rises to the top (55% percent
37
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  • Composed of approximately 90% water
  • Includes many dissolved substances
    • Nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins)
    • Salts (electrolytes)
    • Respiratory gases
    • Hormones
    • Plasma proteins
    • Waste products
38
Q

Plasma Proteins

A
  • Most abundant solutes in plasma
    • Most plasma proteins are made by the liver
    • Various Plasma proteins include:
      • Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure
      • Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
      • Antibodies: help protect the body from pathogens
39
Q

Acidosis

A

-Blood becomes too acidic

40
Q

Alkalosis

A

-Blood becomes too basic

41
Q

What happens during Acidosis and Alkalosis?

A

In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore pH to normal

42
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • Blood cell formation
  • Occurs in red bone marrow
  • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
43
Q

Hemocytoblast Differentiation

A
  • Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes

- Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements

44
Q

Formation of Erythrocytes

A
  • Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
    • Wear out in 100-120 days
    • When worn out , RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
    • Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
45
Q

Control of Erythrocytes

A
  • Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)
  • Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
  • Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
46
Q

Formation of WBCs and Platelets

A
  • Controlled by hormones
    • Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate Leukocytes
    • Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets
47
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
    • Hemostasis involves 3 phases
      • Vascular spasms (Parasympathetic nervous system)
      • Platelet plug formation
      • Coagulation (blood clotting)
48
Q

Vascular Spasms

A
  • Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm (parasympathetic nervous system)
    - Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
49
Q

Coagulation

A
  • Injured tissues released tissue factor (TF)
    • PF(underscore 3) (a phospholippid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
    • Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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