Unit 1: Levels of Study Flashcards
Levels of Structural Organization
- Subatomic Particles (proton, neutron, electron)
2. Atoms (C, H, O, N)
3. Molecule (C6H2O6 [GLUCOSE]) (Chemical)
4. Macromolecule
5. Sub-cellular parts (NH2COOH)
6. Cell
7. Tissue (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve)
8. Organ
9. Organ Systems
10. Multicellular organism
11. Population
12. Community
13. Biome (Ecosystem)
14. Universe
Skeletal System
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals
- Ex: Bones, Cartilage, Joints
Integumentary System
- Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
- Ex: Skin, Nails, Hair
Reproductive System
-Organ system that functions to produce offspring
Ex: Uterus, Penis, scrotum, vagina
Muscular System
-Produces movement
-Maintains posture
-Produces heat
Ex: Skeletal Muscles
Nervous System
- Fast-acting control system
- Responds to internal and external change
- Activates muscles and glands
- Ex: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine System
- Secretes regulatory hormones for
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Metabolism - Ex: Ovary, Testis, Pituitary gland
Cardiovascular System
-Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
-Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Nutrients
-Wastes
Ex: Heart, Blood vessels
Lymphatic System
-Returns fluids to blood vessels
-Cleanses the blood
-Involved in immunity
Ex: Lymph nodes, lymph glands
Respiratory system
-Keeps blood supplies with oxygen
-Removes carbon dioxide
Ex: Left lung, nasal cavity
Digestive System
-Breaks down food
-Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
-Eliminates indigestible material
Ex: small intestine, large intestine, stomach
Urinary System
-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
-Maintains acid-base balance
-Regulates water and electrolytes
Ex: Kidney, Urinary bladder
Necessary Life Functions
- Maintain boundaries
- Movement
- Locomotion
- Movement of substances - Responsiveness
- Ability to sense changes and react - Digestion
- Break down and absorption of nutrients - Metabolism
- Produces energy
- Makes body structures - Excretion
- Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions - Reproduction
- Produces future generation - Growth
- Increases cell size and number of cells
Nutrients (Survival Needs)
- Chemicals for energy and cell building
- Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins(organic), and minerals(inorganic)
Oxygen (Survival Needs)
- Required for chemical reactions
- Anaerobic (lack of oxygen) vs. Aerobic (with oxygen)
Water (Survival Needs)
- 60% to 80% of body weight
- Provides for metabolic reaction
- Needed for temp regulation
- Universal solvent
- Pressure
- Transport
Stable Body Temp & Atmospheric Pressue
- Stable body temperature (maintained through homeostasis)
- Atmospheric pressure -Hydrostatic pressure
- Must be appropriate
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment
- A dynamic state of equilibrium (balance) - Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
- Homeostatic imbalance
- A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease and age
Homeostasis Process
- Stimulus: Produces change in variable
- Change detected by receptor
- Input: Information sent along nerve pathway(afferent= sends in) to Control Center
- Output: Information sent along efferent (sends out)pathway to activate nerve (effector)
- Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Maintaining Homeostasis
- The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
- Receptor
- Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
- Sends information to control center- Control Center - Determines set point - Analyzes information - Determines appropriate response - Effector - Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback (Feedback mechanisms)
- Opposite feedback
- Includes most homeostasis control mechanisms
- Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduce its intensity
- Works like a household thermostat
Positive Feedback (Feedback mechanisms)
- Same Reaction
- Increases the original stimulus to push the variable further
- In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
Microscopic Anatomy
- Very small structures
- Can only be viewed with a microscope
Gross Anatomy
- Large structures
- Easily observable
Language of Anatomy
- Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
- Exact terms are used for:
- Position
- Direction
- Regions
- Structures
Superior (cranial, cephalad)
- Above
- Towards the upper part of the body
Inferior (caudal)
- Below
- Towards the lower part of the body
Ventral (Anterior)
- In front of
- Towards the front of the body
Dorsal (posterior)
- Behind
- Towards the back of the body
Medial
- Towards the middle of the body
- On the innerside of
Lateral
- Away from the middle of the body
- Towards the outterside of the body
Intermediate
- Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- Ex: Collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and sholder
Proximal
- Close to the origin of the body part
- The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
-Far from the origin of the body
Superficial (external)
-Towards the body surface
Deep (internal)
-Away from the surface of the body
Body Planes/ Sections
- sagittal: divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
- midsagittal: divides the body (or organ) into EQUAL left and right parts
- frontal: divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
- Traverse: divides the body into superior and inferior parts (also called cross section)
How to the Organ Systems Work together?
- Nutrients that are processed by the digestive system are then passed into the Cardiovascular system (blood)
- Integumentary: Protects all the other systems from the environment
- Oxygen breathed in through respiratory system goes into the blood (cardiovascular system)
- Wastes are removed from the blood (cardiovascular system)by the digestive and urinary systems
Anatomy
-the science of the structure of living organisms
Physiology
- the science of the functioning of living organisms
Survival Needs
- Nutrients
- Water
- Oxygen
- Stable body temp
- Atmospheric pressue
