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Anatomy/ Physiology > Unit 1: Levels of Study > Flashcards

Unit 1: Levels of Study Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. Subatomic Particles (proton, neutron, electron)
    2. Atoms (C, H, O, N)
    3. Molecule (C6H2O6 [GLUCOSE]) (Chemical)
    4. Macromolecule
    5. Sub-cellular parts (NH2COOH)
    6. Cell
    7. Tissue (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve)
    8. Organ
    9. Organ Systems
    10. Multicellular organism
    11. Population
    12. Community
    13. Biome (Ecosystem)
    14. Universe
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2
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Provides muscle attachment for movement
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Stores minerals
  • Ex: Bones, Cartilage, Joints
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3
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • Forms the external body covering
  • Protects deeper tissue from injury
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
  • Ex: Skin, Nails, Hair
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4
Q

Reproductive System

A

-Organ system that functions to produce offspring

Ex: Uterus, Penis, scrotum, vagina

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5
Q

Muscular System

A

-Produces movement
-Maintains posture
-Produces heat
Ex: Skeletal Muscles

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6
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Fast-acting control system
  • Responds to internal and external change
  • Activates muscles and glands
  • Ex: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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7
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • Secretes regulatory hormones for
    - Growth
    - Reproduction
    - Metabolism
  • Ex: Ovary, Testis, Pituitary gland
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8
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

-Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
-Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Nutrients
-Wastes
Ex: Heart, Blood vessels

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9
Q

Lymphatic System

A

-Returns fluids to blood vessels
-Cleanses the blood
-Involved in immunity
Ex: Lymph nodes, lymph glands

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10
Q

Respiratory system

A

-Keeps blood supplies with oxygen
-Removes carbon dioxide
Ex: Left lung, nasal cavity

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11
Q

Digestive System

A

-Breaks down food
-Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
-Eliminates indigestible material
Ex: small intestine, large intestine, stomach

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12
Q

Urinary System

A

-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
-Maintains acid-base balance
-Regulates water and electrolytes
Ex: Kidney, Urinary bladder

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13
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A
  • Maintain boundaries
  • Movement
    - Locomotion
    - Movement of substances
  • Responsiveness
    - Ability to sense changes and react
  • Digestion
    - Break down and absorption of nutrients
  • Metabolism
    - Produces energy
    - Makes body structures
  • Excretion
    - Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
  • Reproduction
    - Produces future generation
  • Growth
    - Increases cell size and number of cells
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14
Q

Nutrients (Survival Needs)

A
  • Chemicals for energy and cell building

- Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins(organic), and minerals(inorganic)

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15
Q

Oxygen (Survival Needs)

A
  • Required for chemical reactions

- Anaerobic (lack of oxygen) vs. Aerobic (with oxygen)

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16
Q

Water (Survival Needs)

A
  • 60% to 80% of body weight
    - Provides for metabolic reaction
    - Needed for temp regulation
    - Universal solvent
    - Pressure
    - Transport
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17
Q

Stable Body Temp & Atmospheric Pressue

A
  • Stable body temperature (maintained through homeostasis)
  • Atmospheric pressure -Hydrostatic pressure
    - Must be appropriate
18
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment
    - A dynamic state of equilibrium (balance)
  • Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
  • Homeostatic imbalance
    - A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease and age
19
Q

Homeostasis Process

A
  1. Stimulus: Produces change in variable
  2. Change detected by receptor
  3. Input: Information sent along nerve pathway(afferent= sends in) to Control Center
  4. Output: Information sent along efferent (sends out)pathway to activate nerve (effector)
  5. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
20
Q

Maintaining Homeostasis

A
  • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
    - Receptor
    - Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
    - Sends information to control center
          - Control Center
          - Determines set point
          - Analyzes information
          - Determines appropriate response

      - Effector
          - Provides a means for response to the stimulus
21
Q

Negative Feedback (Feedback mechanisms)

A
  • Opposite feedback
  • Includes most homeostasis control mechanisms
    - Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduce its intensity
    - Works like a household thermostat
22
Q

Positive Feedback (Feedback mechanisms)

A
  • Same Reaction
  • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable further
  • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
23
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Very small structures

- Can only be viewed with a microscope

24
Q

Gross Anatomy

A
  • Large structures

- Easily observable

25
Q

Language of Anatomy

A
  • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
  • Exact terms are used for:
    • Position
    • Direction
    • Regions
    • Structures
26
Q

Superior (cranial, cephalad)

A
  • Above

- Towards the upper part of the body

27
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A
  • Below

- Towards the lower part of the body

28
Q

Ventral (Anterior)

A
  • In front of

- Towards the front of the body

29
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A
  • Behind

- Towards the back of the body

30
Q

Medial

A
  • Towards the middle of the body

- On the innerside of

31
Q

Lateral

A
  • Away from the middle of the body

- Towards the outterside of the body

32
Q

Intermediate

A
  • Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

- Ex: Collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and sholder

33
Q

Proximal

A
  • Close to the origin of the body part

- The elbow is proximal to the wrist

34
Q

Distal

A

-Far from the origin of the body

35
Q

Superficial (external)

A

-Towards the body surface

36
Q

Deep (internal)

A

-Away from the surface of the body

37
Q

Body Planes/ Sections

A
  • sagittal: divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
  • midsagittal: divides the body (or organ) into EQUAL left and right parts
  • frontal: divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
  • Traverse: divides the body into superior and inferior parts (also called cross section)
38
Q

How to the Organ Systems Work together?

A
  • Nutrients that are processed by the digestive system are then passed into the Cardiovascular system (blood)
  • Integumentary: Protects all the other systems from the environment
  • Oxygen breathed in through respiratory system goes into the blood (cardiovascular system)
  • Wastes are removed from the blood (cardiovascular system)by the digestive and urinary systems
39
Q

Anatomy

A

-the science of the structure of living organisms

40
Q

Physiology

A
  • the science of the functioning of living organisms
41
Q

Survival Needs

A
  • Nutrients
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Stable body temp
  • Atmospheric pressue

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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