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Anatomy/ Physiology > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Ciliary Body

A

-Smooth muscle attached to lens

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2
Q

Ciliary Zonule

A

-suspensory ligament that attaches the lens to the ciliary body in the anterior eye

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3
Q

Cornea

A
  • Transparent, central anterior portion
    - Allows for light to pass through
    - Repairs itself easily
    - The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection
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4
Q

Iris

A

-regulates amount of light entering eye

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5
Q

Pupil

A

-rounded opening in the iris

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6
Q

Aqueous Humor

A
  • Watery fluid found between lens and cornea
  • Similar to blood plasma
  • Helps maintain intraocular pressure
  • Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
  • Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm
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7
Q

Lens

A
  • Biconvex crystal-like structure

- Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

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8
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

-Aqueous humor fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood

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9
Q

Vitreous Humor

A
  • Gel-like substance posterior to the lens
  • Prevents the eye from collapsing
  • Helps maintain intraocular pressure
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10
Q

Sclera

A
  • White connective tissue layer

- Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”

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11
Q

Choroid

A
  • blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye

- Pigment prevents light from scattering

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12
Q

Retina

A
  • Outer pigmented layer
    - Inner neural layer
    - Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
    - Rods- Images
  • Cones-Colors
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13
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

-area of the retina with only cones

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14
Q

Optic Nerve

A

-Receives impulses for interpreting sight

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15
Q

Central Artery and Vein of the Retina

A

-Vascularize the eye

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16
Q

Optic Disc (Blind Spot)

A
  • where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

- Cannot see images focused on the optic disc

17
Q

Accessory Structures of the Eye

A
  • Eyelids and Eyelashes
  • Conjunctiva
  • Lacrimal Apparatus
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
18
Q

List of Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A
  • Lateral Rectus: Moves eye laterally
  • Medial Rectus: Moves eye medially
  • Superior Rectus: Elevates eye and turns it medially
  • Inferior Rectus: Depresses eye and turns it medially
  • Inferior Oblique: Elevates eye and turns it laterally
  • Superior Oblique: Depresses eye and turns it laterally
19
Q

Eyelids and Eyelashes

A
  • Tarsal glands lubricate the eye

- Ciliary glands are located between the eyelashes

20
Q

Conjunctiva

A
  • Membrane that lines the eyelids
  • Connects to the surface of the eye
  • Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
21
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A
  • Lacrimal gland—produces lacrimal fluid
  • Lacrimal canals—drain lacrimal fluid from eyes
  • Lacrimal sac—provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity
  • Nasolacrimal duct—empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
22
Q

Properties of Lacrimal Fluid

A
  • Dilute salt solution (tears)

- Contains antibodies and lysozyme (avoid bacterial infections)

23
Q

Functions of the Lacrimal Apparatus

A
  • Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye

- Empties into the nasal cavity

24
Q

Cones

A
  • Allow for detailed color vision
  • Densest in the center of the retina
  • Cone Sensitivity:
    • Three types of cones
    • Different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths
      • Red, Green, Yellow
    • Color blindness is the result of the lack of one cone type
25
Q

Rods

A
  • Most are found towards the edges of the retina
  • Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
  • All perception is in gray tones
26
Q

Night Blindness

A

-inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night

27
Q

Glaucoma

A

-can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye

28
Q

Hemianopia

A
  • loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes

- results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only

29
Q

Cataracts

A
  • when lens becomes hard and opaque

- our vision becomes hazy and distorted

30
Q

Color Blindness

A
  • genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors
  • Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)
31
Q

Emmetropia

A

-eye focuses images correctly on the retina (normal vision)

32
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • Images are blurry
  • Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to
  • unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens
33
Q

Hyperopia (Farsighted)

A
  • Near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear
  • Distant objects are focused behind the retina
  • Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens”
34
Q

Myopia (Nearsighted)

A
  • Distant objects appear blurry
  • Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it
  • Results from an eyeball that is too long
35
Q

Pathway of Light Through the Eye

A
  • Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision
  • The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 feet away)
  • Accommodation—the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)
  • Image formed on the retina is a real image
    • Real images are
      • Reversed from left to right
      • Upside down
      • Smaller than the object
36
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A
  • Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball

- Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

37
Q

Layers forming the wall of the eyeball

A
  • Fibrous Layer: Outside layer for protection
  • Vascular Layer: Middle Layer, blood transports oxygen and nutrients
  • Sensory Layer: Inside Layer w/ nerves

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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