The Brain Flashcards
1
Q
Regions of the Brain
A
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
2
Q
Cerebrum
A
- more than half of the brain mass; made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sucli)
- composed of four regions: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
- Gray matter: outer layer made up of cell bodies
- White matter: fibers deep in the gray matter
3
Q
Diencephalon
A
- Sites of the brainstem
- Made of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
- Relay station for sensory impulses
4
Q
Brain Stem
A
- attaches to the spinal cord
- Made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
5
Q
Cerebellum
A
- two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
- Provides involuntary coordination and balance of voluntary movements.
6
Q
Function of the Brain
A
-part of the CNS
-interneurons work to integrate information
-decided if a response to sensory information is needed
-three main regions of the brain:
-the brainstem
-limbic system
-cerebral cortex
Brainstem: basic survival needs
Limbic system: regulation of emotions and memory
Cerebral Cortex: higher-level mental processing
7
Q
3 layers of Meninges
A
- Dura Mater
- Arachnoid layer
- Pia mater
8
Q
Dura Mater
A
- Double-layered external covering
- Periosteum—attached to inner surface of the skull
- Meningeal layer—outer covering of the brain
- Folds inward in several areas
9
Q
Arachnoid Layer
A
- Middle layer
- Web-like
10
Q
Pia Layer
A
- Internal layer
- Clings to the surface of the brain
11
Q
Bone
A
- Skull surrounds the brain
- Internal skull bones support the brain
12
Q
Blood Brain Barrier
A
- Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
- Excludes many potentially harmful substances
- Useless as a barrier against some substances
- Fats and fat soluble molecules
- Respiratory gases
- Alcohol
- Nicotine
- Anesthesia
13
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid
A
- Similar to blood plasma composition
- Formed by the choroid plexus
- Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
- Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
14
Q
How is the brain protected?
A
- CSF
- Blood-brain barrier
- Capillaries
- Bone
- Meninges
15
Q
Pons (Labeling)
A
- Controls breathing (depth/rhythm of breathing)
- Also controls circadian rhythms
16
Q
Thalamus (Labeling)
A
- Relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to the sensory cortex
- “sensory switchboard” of the brain; deals with all sense except for smell that gets routed to the limbic system
17
Q
Hypothalamus (Labeling)
A
- Plays a role in regulating body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
- Center of many drives and emotions - The reward center of the brain
18
Q
Cerebellum (Labeling)
A
- involved in producing smoothly coordinated skeletal muscle activity
- Helps in keeping balance
19
Q
Cerebral Aqueduct (Labeling)
A
- the slender cavity of the midbrain
- connects the third and fourth ventricles
20
Q
Choroid Plexus (Labeling)
A
- Forms Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Plexus: a bundle of nerves
21
Q
Pineal Gland (Labeling)
A
- Produces melatonin
- helps maintain circadian rhythm
- regulates reproductive hormones
22
Q
Mammillary Body (Labeling)
A
-Reflex center involved with olfaction (smell)
23
Q
Corpora Quadrigemina (Labeling)
A
-Reflex centers for vision and hearing
24
Q
Cerebral Peduncle for the Midbrain (Labeling)
A
-Convey ascending and descending impulses
25
Medulla Oblongatta (Labeling)
- “Med-ic” of the body
- Most vital part of the brain (Vital reflexes)
- Controls many major functions of the body
- Heart Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Vomiting
26
Pituitary Gland (Labeling)
- the most influential gland in the endocrine system controlled by the hypothalamus
- the neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain
- serves a variety of functions:
- regulation of the gonads
- thyroid
- adrenal cortex
- water balance
- lactation
27
Epithalamus
- Forms the roof of the third ventricle
- Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
- Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid
28
Gyruses vs. Sulcuses
- Both make up surface of the brain
- Ridges= Gyruses
- Precentral Gyrus
- Grooves= Sulcuses
- Ex: Central Sulcus
29
Concussion
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Slight brain injury
- No permanent brain damage
30
Contusion
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Nervous tissue destruction occurs
- Nervous tissue does not regenerate
31
Cerebral Edema
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Swelling from the inflammatory response
- May compress and kill brain tissue
32
Hydrocephalus
-CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain
33
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Commonly called a stroke
- The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
- Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
- Loss of some functions or death may result
34
Alzheimer's Disease
- Progressive degenerative brain disease
- Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
- Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
- Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death
35
Lobes
- Frontal:Motor area
- Occipital: Visual area
- Temporal: Auditory and Olfactory
- Parietal: Primary somatic sensory area
36
Primary Motor Area (Labeling Outside brain)
-deals with all of the motor function involving relaying information regarding voluntary movement
37
Premotor Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
- has many functions lying between the frontal lobe and motor cortex
- deals with spatial reasoning
38
Central Sulcus (Labeling Outside Brain)
-divides the parietal from the frontal lobe
39
Primary Somatic Sensory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
-responds to changes to internal sensory stimuli within the body
40
Gustatory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
-involved in taste
41
Visual Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
- located in the occipital lobe region
| - used for interpreting visual stimuli
42
Auditory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
-located in the temporal lobe used to interpret auditory stimuli
43
Olfactory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
- olfaction = smell
| - interprets sensory cells of the nasal cavity
44
Language Comprehension (Labeling Outside Brain)
- deals with language reception
| - damage to this area could lead to inability to comprehend language
45
Broca's Area (Labeling Outside Brain)
- deals with language expression
| - damage to this area could lead to an inability to vocalize words
46
Frontal Association Areas (Labeling Outside Brain)
-association areas are used for high-level mental activities
