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Anatomy/ Physiology > Nervous System (without Brain) > Flashcards

Nervous System (without Brain) Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Impulses

A
  • To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body

- Changes = stimuli

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2
Q

Interpretation

A

-To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

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3
Q

Motor Output

A
  • A response to integrated stimuli

- The response activates muscles or glands

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4
Q

Central Nervous System vs. Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
    - Brain
    - Spinal cord
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      • Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
        • Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
        • Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
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5
Q

Neurons

A

-also called nerve cells; cells of the nervous system that specialize in transmitting messages throughout the body

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6
Q

Functions of Neurons

A
  1. sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. motor (efferent) neurons
  3. interneurons
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7
Q

Sensory Afferent Neurons

A

-carrying two or toward the center nurse that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors

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8
Q

Motor (Efferent)

A

-carrying away are from, carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles, and glands

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

-also called association neurons, they complete the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons

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10
Q

Neurons (Structural)

A
  • Classified by irritability (ability to respond to stimuli) and conductivity (ability to transmit an impulse)
  • Multipolar neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • Unipolar neuron
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11
Q

Multipolar, BiPolar, Unipolar

A
  • multipolar neurons: several processes extending from the neuron
  • bipolar neurons: neurons that have two processes, and axon and a dendrite
  • unipolar neurons: a single process emerging from the cell body
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12
Q

Factors that Affect Transmission

A
  • Myelinated or unmyelinated
  • Lack or excess of sodium and potassium
  • amount of nodes of ranvier
  • Number of poles
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13
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. Stimulus at distal end of a neuron
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory Neuron
  4. Spinal cord, Integration center (Interneuron)
  5. Motor Neuron
  6. Effector
  7. Response
    • 2 Neuron Reflex Arc
      • Sensory straight to effector
      • Ex: Knee-Jerking
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14
Q

Synapse

A
  • Gap between the two neurons
  • Makes sure that the impulse goes in the correct direction
  • the region of communication between neurons, or a neuromuscular junction between a neuron and a muscle cell
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15
Q

Salvatore Conduction

A
  • The Impulses Jump
    • Fibers that have myelin sheaths conduct impulses much faster because the impulse leaps from node of rancher to node of ranvier along the length of the fiber
      • No electrical current can flow across an axon membrane that is insulated by fatty myelin
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16
Q

Nissl Substance (Multipolar Neuron Diagram)

A

-Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

17
Q

Neurofibrils (Multipolar Neuron)

A
  • Intermediate cytoskeleton

- Maintains cell shape

18
Q

Nucleus (Multipolar Neuron)

A

-Holds DNA and Chromosomes

19
Q

Mitochondria (Multipolar Neurons)

A

-Produces energy for the cell

20
Q

Dendrites (Multipolar Neurons)

A

-Conduct impulses toward the cell body

21
Q

Axons (Multipolar Neurons)

A

-conduct impulses away from the cell body

22
Q

Axon Terminals (Multipolar Neurons)

A
  • contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

- separated from the next neuron by a gap

23
Q

Schwann Cells (Multipolar Neurons)

A
  • produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion

- Cannot conduct impulses

24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier (Multipolar Neurons)

A
  • gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

- Help in Saltatory Conduction

25
Q

Axon Hillock (Multipolar Neurons)

A

-Attaches main axon to cell body

26
Q

Collateral Branch (Multipolar Neuron)

A

-Split in an axon that allows the impulse to travel to another area

27
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A
  • non-neuronal tissue of the CNS that performs supportive and other functions
  • Also called glia
  • Support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons
28
Q

Astrocytes (Neuroglial Cell)

A
  • star-shaped cells that make up most neural tissue
  • form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons
  • help to protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood
29
Q

Microglia (Neuroglial Cells)

A
  • Spider-like phagocytes that monitor the Health of nearby neurons
  • dispose of debris
  • including dead brain cells and bacteria
30
Q

Ependymal Cells (Neuroglial)

A
  • lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord

- fluid forms a protective cushion around the CNS

31
Q

Oligodendrocytes (Neuroglial Cells)

A

-flat extensions that wrap around neurons producing the myelin sheath

32
Q

Roles of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Impulses
  2. Interpretation
  3. Motor Output

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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