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Anatomy/ Physiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Sub-divisions of the Skeleton

A
  • Axial Skeleton (Skull, Vertebrae, Rib Cage)

- Appendicular Skeleton (Everything that comes off of the Axis)

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2
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • Support the body
    • Protect soft organs
    • Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles
    • Store minerals and fats
    • Blood cell formation-Hemopoiesis (B12 is a vitamin)
    • Found in bone: Calcium and Phosphorus
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3
Q

Bones of the Human Body

A
  • Adult has 206 bones
    • Two basic types of bone tissue
      1. Compact bone
        • Homogeneous
      2. Spongy Bone (cancellous)
        • Small needle-like pieces of bone (trabecule)
        • Many open spaces
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4
Q

Classifications of Bone

A
  • Long bone
    • Short bone
    • Flat bone
    • Irregular bone
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5
Q

Long Bones

A

-Typically longer than they are wide
-Have a shaft w/ heads on both ends
-Contains mostly compact bone
Ex: Femur, Humerus

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6
Q

Short Bone

A
  • Generally cube-shape
  • Contain mostly spongy bone
  • Ex: Carpals, Tarsals
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7
Q

Flat Bones

A

-Thinned, flattened, and usually curved
-Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone
Ex: Skull, ribs, sternum

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8
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Do not fit into other bone classification categories
  • Ex: Vertebrae, Hip bones
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9
Q

Diaphysis (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A
  • Shaft

- Composed of compact bone (support and protection)

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10
Q

Epiphysis (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A
  • Ends of the bone

- Composed mostly of spongy bone (helps produce blood)

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11
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outside coving of the diaphysis

- Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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12
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A

-Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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13
Q

Arteries (Anatomy of a Long Bone)

A

-Supply bone cells with nutrients

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14
Q

Articular Cartilage (Anatomy of a Long Bone)

A
  • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
    • Made of hyaline cartilage (tough, smooth, shiny)
    • Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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15
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A

-Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

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16
Q

Epiphyseal Line (Anatomy of Lone Bone)

A
  • Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

- Seen in adult bone

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17
Q

Medullary Cavity

A
  • Prevents it from being too compact & brittle
    • Support and Storage
    • Cavity inside the shaft
    • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
    • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
18
Q

Endosteum (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A

-Lining of the Medullary Cavity

19
Q

Surface Features of Bone

A
  • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

- Passages for nerves and blood vessels

20
Q

Categories of Bone Markings

A
  • Projections or processes– grow out from the bone surface

- Depressions or cavities—- indentations

21
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

- A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

22
Q

Central (Haversian) Canal

A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Opening in the center of osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
23
Q

Perforating (Volkman’s) Canal

A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Canal perpendicular to the central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
24
Q

Lacunae

A
  • Microscopic anatomy of Bone
  • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
    • Arranged in concentric rings
25
Q

Lamellae

A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Rings around the central canal
  • Sites of lacunae
26
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Tiny canals
    • Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
    • Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
27
Q

Formation of Human Skeleton

A
  • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
  • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
  • Cartilage remains in isolated areas
    • Bridge of the nose
    • Parts of ribs
    • Joints

Zygote–> Blastola —> Embryo–> Fetus

28
Q

Bone Growth (Ossification)

A
  • Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood
    • New cartilage is continuously formed
    • Older cartilage becomes ossified
      • Cartilage is broken down
      • Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity
      • Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
29
Q

Bones and Growth

A
  • Remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
  • Bones are remodeled in response to two factors
    - Blood calcium levels
    - Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
    • Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)
30
Q

Endochondral Ossification vs Intramembranosus Ossification

A

EO: Replacing cartilage to make bone longer
IO: Filling in a membrane, wider but kept flat (ex top of babies head)

31
Q

Type of Bone Cells

A
  • Osteocytes- Mature bone cells
  • Osteoblasts- Bone forming cells
  • Osteoclasts- Bone destroying cells
    • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
  • Bone remodeling is preformed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
32
Q

Joints

A
  • Articulations of bones
  • Functions of joints
    • Hold bones together
    • Allow for mobility
  • Ways joints are classified
    • Functionally
    • Structurally
33
Q

Functional Classifications of Joints

A
  • Synarthroses
    - Immovable
    • Amphiarthroses
      • Slightly movable joints
    • Diathroses
      • Freely movable joints
34
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints

A 
Fibrous joints
    -Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
     -Immovable or slightly movable
Synovial joints
      -Freely moveable
35
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

-Bones united by fibrous tissue
Example:
-Sutures - cranium and face bones except mandible
-Syndesmoses
-Allows more movement than sutures
-Example: distal end of tibia and fibula

36
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Bones connected by cartilage
  • Example:
    • Pubic symphysis
    • Intervertebral joints
37
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

- Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity - lubrication, shock absorber, transportation, regulate temperature

38
Q

Features of Synovial Joints

A
  • Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
  • A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces
  • A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
  • Ligaments reinforce the joint
39
Q

Structures associated with Synovial Joints

A
  • Bursae - flattened fibrous sacs
    • Lined with synovial membranes
    • Filled with synovial fluid
    • Not actually part of the joint
  • Tendon sheath
    • Elongated bursa that wraps about a tendon
40
Q

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

A

-Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
-Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheaths
-Arthritis - inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
-The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

41
Q

Parts of the Skeletal System

A
  • Bones (skeleton)
    • Joints
    • Cartilages
    • Ligaments (Bone to Bone Joint)

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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