Heart Flashcards
1
Q
Orientation and Size of the Heart
A
- Pointed apex directed toward left hip
- Base points toward right shoulder
-1 Pound (Size of Fist)
2
Q
Three Layers of the Heart Wall
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
3
Q
Epicardium
A
- Protection
- Outside layer
- This layer is the visceral pericardium
- Connective tissue layer
4
Q
Myocardium
A
- Middle layer
- Mostly cardiac muscle
5
Q
Endocardium
A
- Inner layer
- Endothelium (smooth)
6
Q
The Cardiac System
A
- A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
- The heart pumps blood
- Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
7
Q
Function of the Cardiac System
A
- deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body (lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, water)
- remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
8
Q
Coverings of the Heart
A
- Pericardium—a double-walled sac
- Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
- Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
- Visceral pericardium (lines the organ)
- Next to heart; also known as the epicardium
- Parietal pericardium (lines the cavity)
- Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
- Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
9
Q
Pericardium
A
- a double-walled sac
- Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
- Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
- Two types of Serous Membrane:
- Visceral pericardium (lines the organ)
- Parietal pericardium (lines the cavity) - Serous fluid fills the space between layers
10
Q
Visceral Pericardium
A
- Lines the organ
- Next to heart; also known as the epicardium
11
Q
Parietal Pericardium
A
- lines the cavity
- Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
12
Q
Conduction of the Heart (Intrinsic System/ Physiology)
A
- SA node
- Sends signals to AV node and left atrium
- Av node
- Go through the Bundle of His
- To bundle branches
- to Purkinje Fibers
* Sometimes there is a heart block (blocks the transmission)
13
Q
Blood Pressure
A
-Measurements by health professionals are made based on the pressure in large arteries
14
Q
Systolic and Diastolic
A
- Systolic: Peak of ventricular contraction
- Diastolic: Ventricles are relaxed
15
Q
Things that Affect Blood Pressure
A
- ANYTHING can affect a person’s BP
- Age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state
- Neural factors: autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
- Renal factors: regulation by altering blood volume, hormone control (renin)
- Temperature (heat = vasodilating effect), (cold = vasoconstricting effect)
- Chemicals & Diet can lead to increases or decreases in BP
16
Q
Blood Circuit to Toe
A
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary artery
- Lungs (becomes oxygenated blood)
- Pulmonary veins
- Left atrium
- Bicuspid valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- descending aorta
- Iliac
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Tibial
- Plantar digital
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Back to the heart:
- Venules
- Plantar digital vein
- Tibial vein
- Popliteal vein
- Femoral vein
- Iliac vein
- Inferior vena cava
17
Q
Circuit to Thumb
A
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
- Pulmonary veins
- Left Atrium
- Bicuspid valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta
- Brachiocephalic trunk
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Subclavian
- Axillary
- Brachial
- Radial
- Common Palmar Digital
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Back to Heart:
- Venules
- Palmar Digital veins
- Radial veins
- Brachial veins
- Axillary veins
- Subclavian veins
- Brachiocephalic veins
- Superior vena cava
18
Q
Function of Blood Vessels
A
-Transport blood to the tissues and back
19
Q
Arteries and Arterioles
A
- ARTERIES: walls of arteries are the thickest
- ARTERIOLES: small arteries that can reach small areas
- Carry blood away from the Heart (oxygenated)
20
Q
Exchange between tissue and blood
A
- CAPILLARY BED: consist of two types of vessels
- Vascular shunt- directly connecting arteriole to venule
- True capillaries- exchange vessels
- oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
- carbon dioxide and metabolic waste cross into blood
21
Q
Veins and Venules
A
- VENULES: Small veins, can reach small areas
- VEINS:
- lumens of veins are large
- have valves that prevent backflow
- skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart - Return blood to the heart (deoxygenated)
22
Q
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
A
- Three layers also called tunics:
- tunic intima (endothelium)
- tunic media (smooth muscle, sympathetic NS)
- tunic externa (fibrous connective tissue)
23
Q
Major Arteries and Veins
A
- Aorta: Largest ARTERY in the body, leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: VEINS that enter the right atrium of the heart
- Superior VC: drains the head and arms
- Inferior VC: drains the lower body
24
Q
Electrocardiogram
A
- Depolarization:
- Changing the polarity of the nerve (sodium & hydrogen involved)
- Stimulating the nerve
- P wave (Depolarization of atriums) - QRS wave (Depolarization of ventricles)
- Repolarization:
- Back to the original stage
- T wave (Repolarization of entire heart)
25
Q
Heart Sounds
A
- Lub: closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves (AV Valves)
- Dub: Closing of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
26
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
- Hardening of the Blood Vessels
- Slowing of blood flow
- Collapsing muscles around veins
- changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls - The early stage of arteriosclerosis and increased rigidity.
27
Q
Location of the Heart
A
- Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
- Mediastinum: Cavity inside the thoracic cavity
