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Anatomy/ Physiology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Orientation and Size of the Heart

A
  • Pointed apex directed toward left hip
  • Base points toward right shoulder

-1 Pound (Size of Fist)

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2
Q

Three Layers of the Heart Wall

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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3
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Protection
  • Outside layer
  • This layer is the visceral pericardium
  • Connective tissue layer
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4
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Middle layer

- Mostly cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Inner layer

- Endothelium (smooth)

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6
Q

The Cardiac System

A
  • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
    - The heart pumps blood
    - Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
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7
Q

Function of the Cardiac System

A
  • deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body (lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, water)
  • remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
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8
Q

Coverings of the Heart

A
  • Pericardium—a double-walled sac
    - Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
    - Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
    - Visceral pericardium (lines the organ)
    - Next to heart; also known as the epicardium
    - Parietal pericardium (lines the cavity)
    - Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
    - Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
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9
Q

Pericardium

A
  • a double-walled sac
    - Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
    - Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
    - Two types of Serous Membrane:
    - Visceral pericardium (lines the organ)
    - Parietal pericardium (lines the cavity)
  • Serous fluid fills the space between layers
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10
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A
  • Lines the organ

- Next to heart; also known as the epicardium

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11
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A
  • lines the cavity

- Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

Conduction of the Heart (Intrinsic System/ Physiology)

A
  • SA node
    - Sends signals to AV node and left atrium
    - Av node
    - Go through the Bundle of His
    - To bundle branches
    - to Purkinje Fibers
    * Sometimes there is a heart block (blocks the transmission)
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13
Q

Blood Pressure

A

-Measurements by health professionals are made based on the pressure in large arteries

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14
Q

Systolic and Diastolic

A
  • Systolic: Peak of ventricular contraction

- Diastolic: Ventricles are relaxed

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15
Q

Things that Affect Blood Pressure

A
  • ANYTHING can affect a person’s BP
    - Age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state
    - Neural factors: autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
    - Renal factors: regulation by altering blood volume, hormone control (renin)
    - Temperature (heat = vasodilating effect), (cold = vasoconstricting effect)
    - Chemicals & Diet can lead to increases or decreases in BP
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16
Q

Blood Circuit to Toe

A
  • Right Atrium
    - Tricuspid valve
    - Right ventricle
    - Pulmonary semilunar valve
    - Pulmonary trunk
    - Pulmonary artery
    - Lungs (becomes oxygenated blood)
    - Pulmonary veins
    - Left atrium
    - Bicuspid valve
    - Left ventricle
    - Aortic semilunar valve
    - descending aorta
    - Iliac
    - Femoral
    - Popliteal
    - Tibial
    - Plantar digital
    - Arterioles
    - Capillaries
    - Back to the heart:
    - Venules
    - Plantar digital vein
    - Tibial vein
    - Popliteal vein
    - Femoral vein
    - Iliac vein
    - Inferior vena cava
17
Q

Circuit to Thumb

A
  • Right Atrium
    - Tricuspid valve
    - Right ventricle
    - Pulmonary semilunar valve
    - Pulmonary trunk
    - Pulmonary artery
    - Lungs
    - Pulmonary veins
    - Left Atrium
    - Bicuspid valve
    - Left ventricle
    - Aortic semilunar valve
    - Aorta
    - Brachiocephalic trunk
    - Brachiocephalic artery
    - Subclavian
    - Axillary
    - Brachial
    - Radial
    - Common Palmar Digital
    - Arterioles
    - Capillaries
    - Back to Heart:
    - Venules
    - Palmar Digital veins
    - Radial veins
    - Brachial veins
    - Axillary veins
    - Subclavian veins
    - Brachiocephalic veins
    - Superior vena cava
18
Q

Function of Blood Vessels

A

-Transport blood to the tissues and back

19
Q

Arteries and Arterioles

A
  • ARTERIES: walls of arteries are the thickest
  • ARTERIOLES: small arteries that can reach small areas
    - Carry blood away from the Heart (oxygenated)
20
Q

Exchange between tissue and blood

A
  • CAPILLARY BED: consist of two types of vessels
    - Vascular shunt- directly connecting arteriole to venule
    - True capillaries- exchange vessels
    - oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
    - carbon dioxide and metabolic waste cross into blood
21
Q

Veins and Venules

A
  • VENULES: Small veins, can reach small areas
  • VEINS:
    - lumens of veins are large
    - have valves that prevent backflow
    - skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
  • Return blood to the heart (deoxygenated)
22
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels

A
  • Three layers also called tunics:
    • tunic intima (endothelium)
    • tunic media (smooth muscle, sympathetic NS)
    • tunic externa (fibrous connective tissue)
23
Q

Major Arteries and Veins

A
  • Aorta: Largest ARTERY in the body, leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
    - Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: VEINS that enter the right atrium of the heart
    - Superior VC: drains the head and arms
    - Inferior VC: drains the lower body
24
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • Depolarization:
    - Changing the polarity of the nerve (sodium & hydrogen involved)
    - Stimulating the nerve
    - P wave (Depolarization of atriums)
  • QRS wave (Depolarization of ventricles)
    - Repolarization:
    - Back to the original stage
    - T wave (Repolarization of entire heart)
25
Q

Heart Sounds

A
  • Lub: closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves (AV Valves)
  • Dub: Closing of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
26
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Hardening of the Blood Vessels
    - Slowing of blood flow
    - Collapsing muscles around veins
    - changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls
  • The early stage of arteriosclerosis and increased rigidity.
27
Q

Location of the Heart

A
  • Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

- Mediastinum: Cavity inside the thoracic cavity

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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