unit 11 biology vocab Flashcards
scientific study of heredity
genetics
male and female reproductive cells join, sexual reproduction
fertilization
allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce off-spring identical to themselves
true-breeding
specific characteristic, varies from one individual to another(seed color or plant height)
trait
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
hybrids
chemical factors that determine traits
genes
different forms of a gene
alleles
seperation
segregation
sex cells
gametes
likelihood that a particular event will occur
probability
diagram, used to predict and compare the genetic variation that will result from a cross
punnett square
two identical alleles
homozygous
TT,tt
homozygous
two different alleles for the same trait
heterozygous
Tt
heterozygous
physical characteristics
penotype
genetic makeup
genotype
genes that segregate independently( genes for seed shape and seed color in pea plants), do not influence each other’s inheritance
independent assortment
one allele is not completely dominant over another
incomplete dominance
both alleles contribute to the phenotype
co dominance
white and red flowers
codominance
pink flowers
incomplete dominance
more than two alleles
multiple alleles
traits controlled by two or more genes, having many genes
polygenic traits
chromosomes that come from the male, has a corresponding chromosome from the female
homologous
cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes, 2n=8, contain two complete sets of chromosome and genes
diploid
single set of genes, n=4
haploid
process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell (creates genetically different cells, 4 )
meiosis
four chromosome structure, created during meiosis
tetrad
eschange of alleles between homologous chromosomes
crossing over
showing the relative locations of each known gene
Gene Map
states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
principle of dominance
MItosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, wheres Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells
difference between Mitosis and meiosis
each chromosome is actually a group of linked genes, independent assortment still hold true, it is the chromosome, however, that assort independently, not individual genes
Gene Linkage explained
two traits
dihybrids