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SF IDC > UNIT 1.1 A&P > Flashcards

UNIT 1.1 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

science of the structure and the relationships among structures of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

body functions, that is, how the body works

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3
Q

Six levels of organization (smallest to largest)

A
  1. Chemical (letter)
  2. Cellular (word)
  3. Tissue (sentence)
  4. Organ (paragraph)
  5. System (chapter)
  6. Organismal (book)
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4
Q

Atom

A

smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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5
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

Describe a Cell and list examples

A
  • organized structure of molecules
  • smallest living unit in the human body
  • EXAMPLES muscle, nerve, and blood cells
  • contain structures called organelles
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7
Q

Tissues and four types

A
  • Cells join together to form tissues

- Four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

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8
Q

Organs. List examples

A
  • recognizable shape. two or more types of tissues. specific functions
  • ## examples of organs include the stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
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9
Q

Define/describe serous membrane. List 3 types

A
  • found in large body cavities
  • thin slippery, double layered membrane
  • covers the viscera in thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • lines walls of thorax and abdomen
  • 3 types pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
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10
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

contracts to churn, mix, and move food through the stomach

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11
Q

epithelial tissue

A

innermost stomach layer that secretes digestive fluids and chemicals

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12
Q

system

A
  • related organs that have a common function

- maintain health, protect against disease, and reproduction of the species

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13
Q

integumentary system

A

skin) serves as a barrier to protect all internal systems

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14
Q

Organismal

A
  • largest level of organization

- All the systems of the body make up an organism

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15
Q

Define Homeostasis. What systems control/contribute?

A
  • maintenance of relatively stable conditions
  • mainly controlled by nervous system (impulses) and endocrine system (hormones)
  • Each body system contributes to homeostasis
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16
Q

Cardiovascular System functions (homeostasis)

A
  • contraction and relaxation of heart
  • pumps blood throughout the body
  • blood flows through capillaries, nutrients and oxygen move to interstitial fluid while wastes move to the blood
  • Cells take nutrients and oxygen from the blood and release wastes into interstitial fluid
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17
Q

glucose (Homeostasis)

A
  • Maintaining proper glucose levels between meals
  • brain needs steady supply of glucose or result unconsciousness/ death
  • Glucose levels too high = damage blood vessels or excessive urine production
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18
Q

Nervous system (homeostasis)

A
  • detects changes, sends impulses to organs to adjust

- Rise in body temperature = sweating to cool the body

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19
Q

Endocrine system (homeostasis)

A
  • secretes hormones to restore homeostasis

- Insulin released by the pancreas to reduce glucose levels

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20
Q

Nervous system (homeostasis)

A
  • impulses bring rapid corrections
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21
Q

Feedback systems (examples and 2 types)

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • temperature, glucose levels, blood pressure monitored to maintain homeostasis
  • negative and positive
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22
Q

Define stimulus.

A
  • disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
  • external, internal, or psychological stressors
  • mild and temporary or intense and prolonged
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23
Q

Receptor

A
  • Recognizes change and sends message (input) to a control center.
  • Input as nerve impulses or chemical signals (hormones)
  • ex: Nerve endings that sense temperature in the skin
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24
Q

Control Center

A
  • nerve impulse or chemical signal sent from the control center to an effector
  • Evaluates input and sends output to effector
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25
Q

Effector

A
  • Produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

- Nearly every tissue and organ in the body can be effector

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26
Q

Negative Feedback Systems

A
  • reverse a change. bringing it back to “normal”
  • Ex: high BP is detected and then lowered to normal
  • Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems
  • “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
  • ex: Blood Pressure
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27
Q

Blood pressure

A
  • force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels

- Faster heart rate = higher BP

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28
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • pressure sensitive receptors in blood vessels
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29
Q

Describe the feedback process of blood pressure

A
  • negative feedback system
    1. Baroreceptors sense the increase in BP
    2. send impulse to brain
    3. Brain responds by sending impulses to the heart (effector)
    4. Heart rate decreases leading to decrease in BP
    5. returns the BP to normal and restores homeostasis
30
Q

Positive feedback system

A
  • Strengthens a change in a controlled condition
  • Control center provides commands, the effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change
  • continues until interrupted by some mechanism
  • must be shut off by some outside event or destructive / deadly
  • examples childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting
31
Q

Describe Childbirth as an example of a positive feedback system

A
  • Stimulus – contractions push fetus into cervix
  • Receptor – stretch receptors monitor stretching of cervix
  • Increased stretching sends more input to the brain (control center)
  • Brain response causes oxytocin to be released into blood stream
  • Oxytocin stimulates stronger contractions
  • Contractions pushes fetus causing more stretching of the cervix
  • cycle (stretching, hormone release, stronger contractions) continues until birth
  • Once stretching of the cervix ceases, no more oxytocin is released
32
Q

anatomical position

A
  • Subject standing upright, facing observer, head level, and eyes forward
  • Legs parallel, feet flat on floor, arms at sides with palms facing forward
33
Q

Prone

A

lying face down

34
Q

Supine

A

lying face up

35
Q

Superior

A
  • toward the head or upper part of a structure

- cephalic or cranial

36
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head or lower part of a structure

- caudal

37
Q

Posterior

A
  • nearer to or at the back of the body

- dorsal

38
Q

Medial

A

nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane

39
Q

Lateral

A

farther from the midline or midsagittal plane

40
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; near the beginning

41
Q

Distal

A

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; near the end

42
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface of the body

43
Q

Deep

A

away from the surface of the body

44
Q

Sagittal

A

vertical plane dividing into right and left

45
Q

Midsagittal

A

passes through the midline dividing body into equal right and left sides

46
Q

Parasagittal

A

dividing the body into unequal right and left sides

47
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

48
Q

Transverse

A

divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

49
Q

Oblique plane

A

passes through the body or organ at an angle

50
Q

Cranial cavity

A

inside skull and contains the brain

51
Q

Vertebral (spinal) canal

A

inside vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

52
Q

3 cavities within Thoracic cavity

A
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Pleural cavities
  • Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity
53
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

fluid filled space surrounding the heart

54
Q

Pleural cavities

A

surrounding each lung and contains a small amount of fluid

55
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • central portion of thoracic cavity
  • Bounds: lungs (top) and diaphragm (bottom); sternum (front) and vertebral column (back);
  • Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
56
Q

Diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that powers breathing; separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

57
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

from the diaphragm to the groin (organs of this cavity are the viscera)

58
Q

Organs of Abdominal cavity (upper portion)

A

stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants

59
Q

Pelvic cavity(lower portion)

A

contains bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs; smaller

60
Q

Serous membranes and 3 types

A

located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; protect organs, reduce friction

  • pleura
  • pericardium
  • peritoneum
61
Q

Parietal layer

A

lines cavity

62
Q

Visceral layer

A
  • covers organs

- Small amount of fluid between layers lubricates and reduces friction

63
Q

Pleural

A

serous membrane that covers lungs, lines thorax

64
Q

Pericardial

A

serous membrane that covers heart, lines central part of thorax

65
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane that covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity

66
Q

Nine regions of the abdominopelvic region

A 
Right hypochondriac 
Epigastric 
Left hypochondriac 
Right lumbar 
Umbilical 
Left lumbar 
Right inguinal 
Hypogastric 
Left inguinal
67
Q

DESCRIBE the structural and functional organization of the human body

A
68
Q

DEFINE how body systems relate to one another

A 
Chemical (letter)
Cellular (word)
Tissue (sentence)
Organ (paragraph)
System (chapter) 
Organismal (book)
69
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

70
Q

anterior

A
  • front of the body-

- ventral

SF IDC (39 decks)

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