UNIT 1.1 A&P Flashcards
Anatomy
science of the structure and the relationships among structures of the body
Physiology
body functions, that is, how the body works
Six levels of organization (smallest to largest)
- Chemical (letter)
- Cellular (word)
- Tissue (sentence)
- Organ (paragraph)
- System (chapter)
- Organismal (book)
Atom
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
Describe a Cell and list examples
- organized structure of molecules
- smallest living unit in the human body
- EXAMPLES muscle, nerve, and blood cells
- contain structures called organelles
Tissues and four types
- Cells join together to form tissues
- Four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Organs. List examples
- recognizable shape. two or more types of tissues. specific functions
- ## examples of organs include the stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
Define/describe serous membrane. List 3 types
- found in large body cavities
- thin slippery, double layered membrane
- covers the viscera in thoracic and abdominal cavities
- lines walls of thorax and abdomen
- 3 types pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
smooth muscle tissue
contracts to churn, mix, and move food through the stomach
epithelial tissue
innermost stomach layer that secretes digestive fluids and chemicals
system
- related organs that have a common function
- maintain health, protect against disease, and reproduction of the species
integumentary system
skin) serves as a barrier to protect all internal systems
Organismal
- largest level of organization
- All the systems of the body make up an organism
Define Homeostasis. What systems control/contribute?
- maintenance of relatively stable conditions
- mainly controlled by nervous system (impulses) and endocrine system (hormones)
- Each body system contributes to homeostasis
Cardiovascular System functions (homeostasis)
- contraction and relaxation of heart
- pumps blood throughout the body
- blood flows through capillaries, nutrients and oxygen move to interstitial fluid while wastes move to the blood
- Cells take nutrients and oxygen from the blood and release wastes into interstitial fluid
glucose (Homeostasis)
- Maintaining proper glucose levels between meals
- brain needs steady supply of glucose or result unconsciousness/ death
- Glucose levels too high = damage blood vessels or excessive urine production
Nervous system (homeostasis)
- detects changes, sends impulses to organs to adjust
- Rise in body temperature = sweating to cool the body
Endocrine system (homeostasis)
- secretes hormones to restore homeostasis
- Insulin released by the pancreas to reduce glucose levels
Nervous system (homeostasis)
- impulses bring rapid corrections
Feedback systems (examples and 2 types)
- maintain homeostasis
- temperature, glucose levels, blood pressure monitored to maintain homeostasis
- negative and positive
Define stimulus.
- disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
- external, internal, or psychological stressors
- mild and temporary or intense and prolonged
Receptor
- Recognizes change and sends message (input) to a control center.
- Input as nerve impulses or chemical signals (hormones)
- ex: Nerve endings that sense temperature in the skin
Control Center
- nerve impulse or chemical signal sent from the control center to an effector
- Evaluates input and sends output to effector
Effector
- Produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
- Nearly every tissue and organ in the body can be effector
Negative Feedback Systems
- reverse a change. bringing it back to “normal”
- Ex: high BP is detected and then lowered to normal
- Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems
- “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
- ex: Blood Pressure
Blood pressure
- force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels
- Faster heart rate = higher BP
Baroreceptors
- pressure sensitive receptors in blood vessels
Describe the feedback process of blood pressure
- negative feedback system
1. Baroreceptors sense the increase in BP
2. send impulse to brain
3. Brain responds by sending impulses to the heart (effector)
4. Heart rate decreases leading to decrease in BP
5. returns the BP to normal and restores homeostasis
Positive feedback system
- Strengthens a change in a controlled condition
- Control center provides commands, the effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change
- continues until interrupted by some mechanism
- must be shut off by some outside event or destructive / deadly
- examples childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting
Describe Childbirth as an example of a positive feedback system
- Stimulus – contractions push fetus into cervix
- Receptor – stretch receptors monitor stretching of cervix
- Increased stretching sends more input to the brain (control center)
- Brain response causes oxytocin to be released into blood stream
- Oxytocin stimulates stronger contractions
- Contractions pushes fetus causing more stretching of the cervix
- cycle (stretching, hormone release, stronger contractions) continues until birth
- Once stretching of the cervix ceases, no more oxytocin is released
anatomical position
- Subject standing upright, facing observer, head level, and eyes forward
- Legs parallel, feet flat on floor, arms at sides with palms facing forward
Prone
lying face down
Supine
lying face up
Superior
- toward the head or upper part of a structure
- cephalic or cranial
Inferior
away from the head or lower part of a structure
- caudal
Posterior
- nearer to or at the back of the body
- dorsal
Medial
nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane
Lateral
farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; near the beginning
Distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; near the end
Superficial
toward the surface of the body
Deep
away from the surface of the body
Sagittal
vertical plane dividing into right and left
Midsagittal
passes through the midline dividing body into equal right and left sides
Parasagittal
dividing the body into unequal right and left sides
Frontal (coronal)
divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Transverse
divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Oblique plane
passes through the body or organ at an angle
Cranial cavity
inside skull and contains the brain
Vertebral (spinal) canal
inside vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
3 cavities within Thoracic cavity
- Pericardial cavity
- Pleural cavities
- Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity
Pericardial cavity
fluid filled space surrounding the heart
Pleural cavities
surrounding each lung and contains a small amount of fluid
Mediastinum
- central portion of thoracic cavity
- Bounds: lungs (top) and diaphragm (bottom); sternum (front) and vertebral column (back);
- Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that powers breathing; separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
from the diaphragm to the groin (organs of this cavity are the viscera)
Organs of Abdominal cavity (upper portion)
stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
Pelvic cavity(lower portion)
contains bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs; smaller
Serous membranes and 3 types
located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; protect organs, reduce friction
- pleura
- pericardium
- peritoneum
Parietal layer
lines cavity
Visceral layer
- covers organs
- Small amount of fluid between layers lubricates and reduces friction
Pleural
serous membrane that covers lungs, lines thorax
Pericardial
serous membrane that covers heart, lines central part of thorax
Peritoneum
serous membrane that covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity
Nine regions of the abdominopelvic region
Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal Hypogastric Left inguinal
DESCRIBE the structural and functional organization of the human body
DEFINE how body systems relate to one another
Chemical (letter) Cellular (word) Tissue (sentence) Organ (paragraph) System (chapter) Organismal (book)
4 basic types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
anterior
- front of the body-
- ventral
